expressive violence
acts that vent rage, anger or frustration
instrumental violence
acts designating to improve the financial or social position of the criminal
cycle of violence
the phenomenon in which abused children grow up to be abusers themselves
eros
the life instinct, which drives people toward self-fulfillment and enjoyment
thanatos
the death instinct, which impels toward self-destruction
psychopharmacological relationship
in such a relationship, violence is the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances
economic compulsive behavior
violence committed by drug users to support their habit
systemic link
a link between drugs and violence that occurs when drug dealers turn violent in their competition with rival gangs
subculture of violence
a segment of society in which violence has become legitimized by the custom and norms of that group
rape
the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
anger rape (rapist)
occurs when sexuality becomes means of expressing and discharging pent-up anger and rage
power rape (rapist)
involves an attacker who does not want to harm his victim as much as he want to possess her sexuality using only the amount of force necessary to achieve his objective
sadistic rape (rapist)
involves both quality and aggression, victim may be bound up in ritual, and or he gets satisfaction from abusing, degrading or humiliating his captive. Most traumatic type of rape
date rape
a type of rape that involves people who are in some form of courting relationship
marital exemption
the formerly accepted tradition that a legally married husband could not be charged with raping his wife
statutory rape
sexual relations between an underage minor female and an adult male
virility mystique
the belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from their need for love, respect and affection
narcissistic personality disorder
a pattern of traits and behaviors indicating infatuation and fixation with one's self to the exclusion of all others, along with the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's own gratification, dominance, and ambition
aggravated rape
rape involving multiple offenders, weapons, and victim injuries
consent
the victim of rape must prove that she in no way encouraged, enticed, or misled the accused rapist
shield laws
laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless such questioning directly bears on the case
murder
the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought
first-degree murder
killing a person after meditation and deliberation
premeditation
considering the criminal act beforehand, which suggest that it was motivated by more than a simple desire to engage in an act of violence
deliberation
planning a criminal act after careful thought, rather than carrying it out on impulse
felony murder
a killing that accompanies a felony, such as robbery or rape
second-degree murder
a person's wanton disregard for the victim's life and his or her desire to inflict serious bodily harm on the victim, which results in the victim's death
manslaughter
homicide without malice
voluntary or non negligent manslaughter
a killing committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence
involuntary or negligent manslaughter
a killing that occurs when a person's acts are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others
infanticide
murder of a very young child
filicide
murder of an older child
eldercide
murder of a senior citizen
feticide
intentional or negligent killing of a human fetus
serial killers
a person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate events
mass murderers
the killing go four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event
spree killers
a killer of multiple victims whose murder occur over a relatively short span of time and often follow no discernible pattern
battery
offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a victim
assault
either attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word to deed (actual touching is not involved)
road rage
violent assault by a motorist who loses control of his or her emotions while driving
child abuse
any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident or ordinary disciplinary practice, can be found
neglect
not providing a child with the care and shelter to which he or she is entitled
child sexual abuse
the exploitation of children through rape, incest, and molestation by parents or other adults
relational aggression
psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors and private information in order to harm his or her partner
robbery
taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear
acquaintance robbery
robbery in which the victim or victims are people the robber knows
workplace violence
violence such as assault, rape, or murder committed at the workplace
stalking
a course of conduct that is directed at a specific person and involves repeated physical activity or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person
economic crime
an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits
blue-collar crimes
traditional common law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson
white-collar crimes
crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery
green-collar crimes
crimes that affect the environment
theft
the intentional taking, keeping, or using of another's property without authorization or permission
occasional criminals
offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals
situational inducement
short-term influence on a person's behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking
professional criminals
offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime
larceny
taking for one's own use the property of another, by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking into a person's home or workplace; theft
constructive possession
a legal fiction that applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership
petit (petty) larceny
theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor
grand larceny
theft of money or property of substantial value, punished as a felony
snitch
amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use
booster (heel)
professional shoplifter who steals with the intention or reselling stolen merchandise
merchant privilege laws
legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds
naive check forgers
amateurs who cash and checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with criminal subculture
systematic forgers
professionals who make a living by passing bad checks
fence
a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise
burglary
entering a home by force, threat or deception with intent to commit a crime (places are burgled)
arson
the willful, malicious burning of a home, building, or vehicle
chiseling
using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis
insider trading
illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company
exploitation
forcing victims to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right
influence peddling
using one's institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one's co-conspirators are not entitled
payola
the practice of record companies bribing radio stations to play songs without making listeners aware of the payment
embezzlement
a type of larceny, in which someone who is trusted with property fraudulently converts it to his or her own use or for the use of others
corporate (organizational) crime
powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good
Sherman Antitrust Act
federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person "who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy" in restrain of interstate commerce
price fixing
the illegal control by agreement among producers and manufacturers of the price of a commodity to avoid price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices
criminal environmental pollution
a crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life
compliance strategies
methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law
deterrence strategies
methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individuals offenders to deter other would-be violators
public order crime
behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the general well-being of society and challenges its accepted moral principles
victimless crime
public order crime that violates the moral order but has no specific victim other than society as a whole
social harm
the injury caused to others by willful wrongful conduct
moral entrepreneur
a person who creates moral rules, which thus reflect the values of those in power, rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong
paraphilia
bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve nonhuman objects, humiliation, or children
prostitution
the granting of non martial sexual access for remuneration
streetwalkers
type of prostitute, that works on the streets in plain sight of police, citizens, and customers. Are referred to as hustlers or hookers
bar girls
type of prostitute, spend their time in bars, drinking and waiting to be picked up by customers. Girls work with bartenders to drink less, but customers pay more
brothel prostitutes
type of prostitute, also referred to as bordellos, cathouses, sporting house and house of ill repute...usually owned and operated by a madam
call girls
type of prostitute, charges customers thousands of dollars a night and may net more than $200,000 a year. Make the clients feel good and attractive
escort services/call houses
type of prostitute, combines elements of a brothel and call girls. Madam arranges meetings between the clients and girls
circuit travelers
type of prostitute, they move around in groups of two or three to lumber, labor and agricultural camps. Women lured from developing countries with promised jobs but then tricked into working as prostitutes paying off thousands of dollars in debt
cyberprostitutes
type of prostitute, they set up personal websites or put listings on websites that carry personals. Exchange emails, chat online, voice calls, etc. Women can be ordered online
pornography
sexually explicit books, magazines, films, and DVDs intended to provide sexual titillation and excitement for paying customers
obscenity
material that violates community standards or morality or decency and has no redeeming social value
temperance movement
the drive to prohibit the sale of alcohol in the United States culminating in ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919
prohibition
the period from 1919 to 1933, when the 18th Amendment to the US Constitution outlawed the sale of alcohol; also known as the "noble experiment
binge drinking
having five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days
heavy drinking
having five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of 5 or more days in the past 30 days
18th Amendment
prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages
21st Amendment
repealed the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution
drug-dependent personality
a personality trait characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on mood-altering substances
narcotic
a drug that produces sleep and relieves pain, such as heroin, morphine, and opium; a habit-forming drug
adult arsonists
may be motivated by severe emotional turmoil or disturbed personality
professional arsonists
may engage in arson for profit. Wanting to collect insurance money so people are hired
arson fraud
involves a business owner burning his or her own property
burglary subclasses
forcible entry, unlawful entry where no force is used, and attempted forcible entry
frotteurism
type of paraphilia, rubbing against or touching a non consenting person in a crowd, elevator, or other public area
voyeurism
type of paraphilia, sexual pleasure from spying on a stranger while they disrobe or have sex with someone else
exhibitionism
type of paraphilia, deriving sexual pleasure from exposing yourself to surprise of shock a stranger
sadomasochism
type of paraphilia, deriving from sexual pleasure from receiving or inflicting pain on another
pedophilia
type of paraphilia, obtaining sexual pleasure through sexual activity with pre-pubescent children
robbed
PEOPLE are
burgled
PLACES are
stolen (theft/larceny)
OBJECTS are
motor vehicle theft
excluded from theft in its own category
the good burglar
characterisitics include technical competence, personal integrity, specialization in burglary, financial success, and the ability to avoid prison sentences
delinquent fire setter
type of arsonist, juvenile whose motivation is mischief
pathological fire setter
type of arsonist, ritualistic and have a long history of starting fires and usually have some sort of severe, pathological issue
excitement seeking fire setters
type of arsonist, set fires to get a thrill, or sexual gratification is come cases. Sometimes draw the attention to themselves to "save" and "be a hero
instrumental fire setters
type of arsonist, personal gain or profit and sometimes to hide a crime