The Cell Cycle Quizlet Review

What are the 2 nitrogen bases for pyrimidines?

cytosine, thymine

What is the symbol for adenine?

A

What is the symbol for guanine?

G

What is the symbol for cytosine?

C

What is the symbol for thymine?

T

What is it called when DNA looks like a twisted ladder?

double helix

Of the DNA ladder, what are the rungs?

nitrogen bases

What are the "backbone" or "sides" of DNA?

alternating sugar and phosphate groups of each nucleotide

What does a purine match with at the opposite strand?

pyrimidine

Which nitrogen base pairs with adenine?

thymine

Which nitrogen base pairs with guanine?

cytosine

The pairing of these bases are known as...

Chargaff's Rule

The scientist who determined the base pairs are in equal concentrations or numbers

Chargaff

What does a cell do before it divides?

it replicates its DNA

When DNA replication is occuring, what happens to the 2 strands?

it seperates to produce complementary strands

What does the original DNA strand best represent as?

new strand template

What is the 1st part of DNA replication?

DNA helicase

it breaks the base pairs and opens up the molecule like scissors

DNA helicase

Who helps the DNA helicase cut the base pairs?

enzymes

What is the 2nd part of DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

it moves along each of the strands and adds complementary new base pairs to the original strand, creating 2 new double helixes

DNA polymerase

it proof reads each new DNA strand to ensure a perfect copy

DNA polymerase

More demands placed on cell and its DNA

cell growth

Less efficient diffusion

cell growth

Why is replication so important?

When cells get too large, dividing them avoids more demands placed on cell and less efficient diffusion

What happens before division occurs?

DNA is replicated

What 2 things make up chromosomes?

DNA, proteins

Does every organism have a specific number of chromosomes?

yes

When are chromosomes formed?

during division

What happens when chromosomes are not in division?

they are chromatids

What happens before chromosomes get divided?

they are copied so each daughter cell gets a complete set

What 2 identical things are chromosomes made of?

sister chromatids

What are chromosomes connected by in the middle?

centromere

Is Interphase in mitosis?

no

G1= growth

interphase

S= replication, DNA and proteins are synthesized

interphase

G2= the cell prepares for mitosis

interphase

Where does mitosis take place?

somatic cells

if somatic cells contain 2 copies of 23 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are there?

46

What is it called when somatic cells contain 2 sets of chromosomes?

diploid

If the new cell that is formed is identical to the original cell, mitosis is considered what?

asexual

Which phase takes up 50-60% of mitosis?

prophase

Which phase do chromosomes become visible?

prophase

Which phase does it occur in when centrioles begin to separate and move to opposite ends of the nucleus?

prophase

Which phase is when spindle fibers appear?

prophase

Which phase does the nucleolus disappear and the nuclear envelope breaks down?

prophase

Which phase only lasts a few minutes?

metaphase

Which phase do chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, along the equator?

metaphase

Which phase do the microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the 2 poles of the spindle?

metaphase

Which phase does this occur when the centromeres split and the sister chromatids separate to finally become individual chromosomes?

anaphase

Which phase does it happen when the chromosomes move away to opposite ends of the cell, like polar migration?

anaphase

What happens when chromosomes are done moving?

anaphase is over

What phase does this belong in when chromosomes uncoil into chromatin?

telophase

If the nucleus re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes, the spindle disappears, and the nucleolus reappears, which phase is it?

telophase

Division of the cytoplasm

cytokinesis

Usually the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm pinches into 2 cells, which are called daughter cells. Where does this belong in?

cytokinesis

When plant cells form a cell plate between the dividing nuclei, and the plate develops into a separating membrane, where does this belong in?

cytokinesis

What are those changes in the genetic material, that occurs during protein synthesis, and some are have benefits, and others have bad side effects?

mutations

What is it called when there is an uncontrolled growth of cells?

cancer

Do cancer cells respond to the body's signals that regulate cell growth and division?

no

Which tumor does not spread to nearby healthy tissue?

benign

Which tumor invades and destroys surrounding healthy tissue?

malignant

How is cancer caused?

defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division

What are the 4 main ways that can damage the regulating genes?

tobbaco, radiation, other defective genes, viral infection

Many cancers have a defect in a gene which is called?

p53

Normally halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been replicated

p53

What is mainly called "the library"?

nucleus

What holds DNA?

nucleus

What is mainly called a "cookbook"?

chromosome

What is mainly called a "recipe"?

gene

What is mainly called the "paper" for the cookbook and recipe? *Hint= this is what the nucleus holds

DNA

What is the mainly called the "final product of what you make"?

protein

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

What are the 3 things that make up a nucleotide?

deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base

What is the "circle" in the nucleotide?

phosphate group

What are those lines that hold the shapes of the nucleotide in place?

covalent bonds

What is the "pentagon" in the nucleotide?

sugar (deoxyribose)

What is the end part of the nucleotide?

nitrogen base

When 2 nitrogen containing bases are partnering, what holds them together?

hydrogen bonds

DNA is made up of long molecules of units called what?

nucleotides

What are the 3 components nucleotide is made up of?

deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base

How many nitrogen bases are in DNA?

4

Double-ring molecules.

purines

What are the 2 nitrogen bases for purines?

adenine, guanine

Single-ring molecules

pyrimidines