Erikson's eight stages of life
Theory that describes the development of identity of the self and the ego through successive stages that unfold throughout the life span.
Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development
Five stages associated with a sequencing of sensual pleasurable zones.
Gould's development themes
Set of stages in adulthood that dismantle the protective thinking of childhood.
heteronomous (conventional) stage
The stage of moral development when children follow the rules set up by those in authority, such as their parents, teachers, clergy, or police.
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Theory that suggests a link between moral development and Piaget's cognitive development.
moral development
Advancement of moral reasoning. changes in a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that influence beliefs about what is right or wrong.
temperament
Child's characteristic style of approaching and reacting to people and situations.
conventional reasoning
Moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and others' expectations.
modeling
Observation and learning of behavior
post conventional reasoning
Finding a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations in this level
preconventional reasoning
reflections on moral reasoning based on personal gain
psychoanalytic-psychosocial development (psychoanalytic/psychosocial development)
The psychoanalytic/psychosocial theories describe human development from the perspectives of personality, thinking, and behavior
3 Developmental Processes
1. Biological processes
2. Cognitive processes
3. Socioemotional processes
Biological Processes
Produce changes in an individual's physical growht and development. These changes are a result of genetic inheritance that interacts with external influences such as nutrition, exercise, stress, culture and even climate
Cognitive Processes
Comprise changes in intelligence, ability to understand and use language, and the development of thinking that shapes an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Genes inherited from parents, life experiences, and environmental influences contribut
Socioemotional Processes
Consisit of the variations that occur in an individual's personality, emotions, and relationships with others during the individual's lifetime. Genetic endowment and an individual's environmental context play a part in these changes.
Biophysical Development
How our physical bodies grow and change.
Arnold Gesell's Theory
He developed behavior norms that serve as a primary source of information for childhood development. Today's version is composed of 4 behavioral categories: motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social. Used to distinguished between normal and abnormal
Freud's Psychoanalytic Model of Personality Develpment
Stage 1: Oral
Stage 2: Anal
Stage 3: Phallic or oedipal
Stage 4: Latency
Stage 5: Genital
Stage 1: Oral (Birth to 12 to 18 Months)
Sucking and oral satisfaction are not only vital to life, but also extremely pleasurable in their own rights. Late in this stage, the infant begins to realize that the mother/parent is something separate from self. Disruption in the phsical or emotional a
Stage 2: Anal (12 to 18 Months to 3 years)
The focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone. Children become increasingly aware of the pleasurable sensations of this body region with interest in the products of their effort.
Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 Years)
It is during this stage that the genital organs become the focus of pleasure. This is the time of exploration and imagination as the child fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as his or her first love interest, known as the Oedipus or Electra c
Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 years)
This is a stage in which Freud believed that sexual urges, from the earlier oedipal stage, are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.
Stage 5: Genital (Puberty through Adulthood)
Final stage. This is a time of turbulence when earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle. Unresolved prior confilicts surface during adolescence. Once the individual resolves conflicts, he or she is then cap
3 components of human personality
Id
ego
superego
Id
Basic instinctual impulses drivento achieve pleasure, is the most primitive part of the personality and originates in the infant.
Ego
Represents the reality component mediating conflicts between the environment and the forces of the id. The ego helps us judge reality accurately, regulate impulses, and make good decisions.
Superego
Performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions. Often referred to as the conscience, the superego is influenced by the standards of outside social forces.
Erikson's eight stages of Development
Trust versus Mistrust
Autonomy versus Sense of Shame and Doubt
Initiative versus Guilt
Industry versus Inferiority
Identity versus Role Confusion
Intimacy versus Isolation
Generativity versus Self-Absorption and Stagnation
Integrity versus Despair
Trust versus Mistrust
(Birth to 1 year) Establishment of a basic sense of trust is essential for the development of a healthy personality.
Autonomy versus Sense of Shame and Doubt
(1 to 3 years) A growing child is more accomplished in some basic self-care activities, including walking, feeding, and toileting. Is the result of maturation and imitation. The toddler develops his or her autonomy by making choices.
Initiative versus Guilt
(3 to 6 years) Children like to pretend and try out new roles. Fantasy and imagination allow children to further explore their environment. At this time children are developing their superego, or conscience. Conflicts often occur between the child's desir
Industry versus Inferiority
(6 to 11 years) School age children are eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and tools. they learn to work and play with their peers. Thrive on their accomplishments and praise. Sensation of inadequacy and achievement without p
Identity versus Role Confusion
(Puberty) Dramatic physiological changes associated with sexual maturation mark this stage. There is a marked preoccupation with appearance and body image. "Who am I?
Intimacy versus Isolation
(Young Adult) Young adults, having developed a sense of identity, deepen their capacity to love others and care for them. They search for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another.
Generativity versus Self-Absorption and Stagnation
(Middle-Age) Following the development of an intimate relationship, the adult focuses on supporting future generations. The ability to expand one's personal and social involvment is critical to this stage of development. Achieve success in this stage by c
Integrity versus Despair
(Old Age) As the aging process creates physical and social losses, some adults also suffer loss of status and function, such as through retirement or illness.
Roger Gould's Developement themes
1. In their 20s with "I have to get away from my parents."
2. Occurs during the early 30s and asks, "Is what I am the only way for me to be?" Occurs when young adults experience the consequences of the decisions of their independence.
3. Occurs in the mid
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Includes four periods that are related to age and demonstrate specific categories of knowing and understanding.
Four Periods of Cognitive Development
Period l: Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 Years) During a time of unparalleled changes, the infant develops the schema or action pattern for dealing with the environment. Including hitting, looking, grasping or kicking.
Period ll: Preoperational (2 to 7 Years) t
Albert Bandura
Pioneered the idea that to understand behavior it was also necessary to understand how people think. Current model emphasizes interaction among behavior, environment, and personal/cognitive factors. He views learning as active and occurring withing a soci
Autonomous morality
The child understands that people make rules and that they can be changed.
Key Concepts
Nurses administer care for individuals at various developmental stages. Developmental theory provides a basis for nurses to assess and understand the responses seen in their clients.
Humans continue to develop throughtout their lives. Development does not
Theory is a way to account for how and why people grow up as they do. Theories provide a framework to clarify and organize existing observations to explain and try to predict human behavior.
Growth refers to the quantitative changes that nurses measure an
Development implies a progressive and continuous process of change leading to a state of organized and specialized functional capacity. These changes are quantitatively measurable but are more distinctly measured in qualitative changes.
Biophysical develo
Cognitive development focuses on the rational-thinking processes that include the changes in how children and adolexcents perform intellectual operations.
Developmental tasks are age-related achievements, the success of which leads to happiness, whereas f
Develolpmental crisis occurs when a person is having great difficulty in meeting tasks of the current developmental period.
Socialization is the outside influence a person receives from family, peers, and society.
Psychosocial theories describe human development from the perspectives of personality, thinking, and behavior with varying degrees of influence from the internal biological forces and the external societal/cultural forces.
Temperatment is a behavioral pat
Moral development theory attempts to define how moral reasoning matures for an individual.