precocious
premature (early) sexual development
lipids
fats or fat-like substances
hypoglycemia
a low blood sugar level
progesterone
a female sex hormone produced by the ovary
hyperglycemia
a high blood sugar level
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive urination
hirsutism
abnormal hair on the face and body of the female
gonad
a sex organ; a testis or an ovary
striae
stretch marks on the skin
acromegaly
Which of the following conditions would result from hyperpituitarism? (dwarfism, panhypopituitarism, acromegaly)
it only occurs prior to puberty
Which of the following statements is true about giantism? (it only occurs after puberty, the rpgnosis is poor, it only occurs prior to puberty)
it is characterized by polyuria
Which of the following statements is true about diabetes insipidus? (the treatment is a medication that blocks vasopressin, it is characterized by polyuria, it is also known as diabetes mellitus)
the activity of the thyroid gland affects the entire body
Which of the following statements is true about thyroid gland disease? (the activity of the thyroid gland affects the entire body, constipation is common in hyperthyroidism, an adenoma on the thyroid gland causes hypothyroidism)
it is an advanced form of hypothyroidism in the adult
Which of the following statements is true about myxedema? (it is an advanced form of hypothyroidism in the adult, it can lead to cretinism, it results in an emaciated (extremely thin or wasted appearance)
low blood calcium levels cause tetany
Which of the following statements is true regarding parathyroid gland disease? (treatment for hypoparathyroidism is the removal of the glands, the Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs are tests for hyper calcemia, low blood calcium levels cause tetany)
it produces the fight or flight hormones
Which of the following statements is true about the adrenal medulla? (it produces the fight or flight hormones, malfunction can result in a condition called Conn's syndrome, it is not necessary for normal human function)
it can result in gynecomastia in males
Which of the following statements is true about hyperadrenalism? (it prevents the normal fight or flight reaction, it results in weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia, it can result in gynecomastia in males)
it may lead to diarrhea, dehydration, and hypoglycemia
Which of the following statements is true about Addison's disease? (treatment includes insulin administration, it is an oversecretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex, it may lead to diarrhea, dehydration, and hypoglycecia)
ketones
What waste is produced when tissue cells burn fats and proteins?
it is a chronic disease affecting carbohydrate or sugar utilization due to inadequate production of insulin
Which of the following statements is true about diabetes mellitus? (it is a chronic disease affecting carbohydrate or sugar utilization due to inadequate production of insulin, it results in few complications, it is divided into four different types)
sexual development can be affected by the adrenal and pituitary glands
Which of the following statements is true about reproductive gland diseases? (sexual development can be affected by the adrenal and the pituitary glands, administration of progesterone and estrogen is quite effective in treating hypogonadism in the male,
most cases of hypothyroidism cannot be prevented
Which of the following statements is most accurate about the prevention of hypothyroidism (most cases are preventable, most cases are caused by cancer of the thyroid, most cases of hypothyroidism cannot be prevented)
it may be prevented by early detection and treatment of the associated symptoms
Which of the following statements is most accurate about the prevention of Cushing's syndrome? (there are no guidelines for prevention, it may be prevented by early detection and treatment of the associated symptoms, it has a hereditary etiology and canno
true
Most endocrine disorders are due to hypo- or hypersecretion by a gland. (T/F)
true
The only endocrine glands that can be physically examined are the thyroid glands and testes, as enlargement or atrophy of these glands can be felt. (T/F)
false (giantism)
If hyperpituitarism occurs before puberty, it is called acromegaly. (T/F)
false
Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by the malfunction of the same gland. (T/F)
true
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland secretes excessive thyroxine. (T/F)
false (exophthalmos)
Goiter is an abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs. (T/F)
true
Hypothyroidism in infants can be quite devastating, leading to mental and physical growth changes. (T/F)
true
There are usually four parathyroid glands. (T/F)
true
Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs check for hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. (T/F)
true
The primary glucocorticoid hormone is cortisol (cortisone). (T/F)
true
Cushing's syndrome is due to an overproduction of the glucocorticoid cortisol. (T/F)
false (early)
Precocious puberty refers to the late development of physical maturity in children. (T/F)
false (another term for)
Addison's disease results from hypoadrenalism. (T/F)
false (pancreas)
Insulin and glucagons are secreted by the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the pituitary. (T/F)
true
When tissue cells burn fats and proteins, they produce a waste product called ketones. (T/F)
false (decreased)
Most of the changes that occur in the endocrine system as one ages are due to an increased production of the secretions from the glands. (T/F)
true
Other than preventing trauma or injury to the gland, there is no known prevention for hyperpituitarism. (T/F)
false
Diabetes Insipidus is preventable. (T/F)
false
By not smoking, Graves' disease is preventable. (T/F)
paraplegia
a loss of movement and feeling in the trunk and both legs
quadriplegia
the loss of movement and feeling in the trunk and all four extremities with the accompanying loss of bowel, bladder, and sexual function
status epilepticus
continuous seizure activity without a pause
hypothermia
a significantly low body temperature
spinal stenosis
the condition of narrowing of nerve root openings in the spinal column
seizure
a sudden onset or attack, but it is commonly used to indicate a convulsive seizure as occurs in epilepsy
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, burning ,tingling, or numbness
intractable
difficult to stop or control
subdural hematoma
blood collecting between the outer (dura mater) layer and the middle (arachnoid) layer of the meninges
nuchal rigidity
a stiffness in the neck that resists bending the neck forward or sideways
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the most important laboratory test utilized in neurologic examinations?
twelve
There are how many pairs of cranial nerves?
hydrophobia is a symptom of this disease
Which of the following is true about rabies? (it is a bacteria transmitted to humans through an infected animal's bite, the incubation period ranges from six to twelve months, depending on the location of the bite, hydrophobia is a symptom of this disease
it is a painful, red rash with vesicles that follow the line of a sensory nerve
Which of the following statements is true about shingles (herpes zoster)? (it is a painful, red rash with vesicles that follow the line of a sensory nerve, it is seen in those who had poliomyelitis as a child, it is a disease of young children)
it serves as a warning sign of an impending cerebrovascular accident
Which of the following statements is true about a transient ischemic attack (TIA)? (it is due to a complete blockage of a blood vessel in the brain, it is a mini heart attack, it serves as a warning sign of an impending cerebrovascular accident)
it could also be called a cluster cephalalgia
Which of the following statements is true about a cluster headache? (it is frequently confused with a migrainem as they have almost identical symptoms, it is frequently seen after a lumbar puncture is performed, it could also be called a cluster cephalalg
status epilepticus is a life-threatening event
Which of the following statements is true about epilepsy? (status epielpticus is a life-threatening event, petit mal seizures are characterized by convulsions, during a seizure, place something in the mouth to prevent the patient from biting their tongue)
it is characterized by unilateral paralysis of the face
Which of the following statements is true about Bell's palsy? (surgery is the treatment of choice, it is characterized by bilateral paralysis of the face, it is characterized by unilateral paralysis of the face)
it is divided into three categories
Which of the following is true about sleep apnea? (it has no known etiology, it is diagnosed by blood and radiologic studies, it is divided into three categories)
a craniotomy may be performed to relieve intracranial pressure due to swelling
Which of the following statements is true regarding head trauma? (a craniotomy may be performed to relieve intracranial pressure due to swelling, a contusion is less serious than a concussion if the bruised tissue is in the area of impact, it is referred
treatment may include a craniotomy and cauterization
Which of the following statements is true regarding epidural and subdural hematomas? (treatment may include a craniotomy and cauterization, epidural hematomas generally develop slowly over a period of days, a subdural hematoma is formed when blood forms b
both paraplegia and quadriplegia may lead to loss of bladder, bowel and sexual function
Which of the following statements is true regarding spinal cord injuries? (both paraplegia and quadriplegia lead to other life-threatening symptoms such as hypothermia, bradycardia, and respiratory problems, both paraplegia and quadriplegia may lead to lo
it involves demyelination of the nerves of the central nervous system
Which of the following statements is true about multiple sclerosis? (it is a destructive disease of the motor or movement neurons, it involves demyelination of the nerves of the central nervous system, it is an acute, progressive disease affecting the spi
it affect primarily the elderly due to the aging process so often it cannot be prevented
Which of the following is true about the prevention of degenerative disk disease? (there is a vaccine under development to prevent this disease, it affects primarily the elderly due to the aging process so often it cannot be prevented, it is a preventable
there is no known preventive measure
Which of the following is true about prevention of Bell's palsy? (it is a hereditary factor, and genetic counseling is recommended, there is no known preventive measure, good lifestyle habits can prevent development)
true
The central nervous system (CNS) communicates with organs and other body systems via the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (T/F)
false (from the spinal cord to the brain)
Sensory impulses travel from the brain to the spinal cord. (T/F)
true
The function of the first cranial nerve (olfactory) is smell. (T/F)
true
Infections of the nervous system are more common in the young. (T/F)
false (brain tissue)
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord. (T/F)
false (viral disease)
Shingles is a bacterial disease caused by herpes zoster. (T/F)
true
A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is commonly called a stroke. (T/F)
true
Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the brain. (T/F)
false (facial nerve - seventh cranial nerve)
Bell's palsy is a disease affecting the oculomotor nerve (third cranial nerve). (T/F)
true
Vascular dementia is caused by atrophy and death of brain cells due to decreased blood flow. (T/F)
false
Brain tumors are always classified as primary due to the significance of the brain. (T/F)
true
Injury to the neck and spinal cord may lead to temporary or permanent paralysis. (T/F)
true
The greatest danger of a skull fracture is the resulting brain tissue damage. (T/F)
false
Parkinson's disease is an inherited disease. (T/F)
true
Research has shown that continued active use of the brain decreases the changes due to aging, but some changes still occur. (T/F)
false (shingles)
The most effective prevention for poliomyelitis is the Zostavax vaccine. (T/F)
true
Rabies is a preventable disease. (T/F)
true
The best preventive measure against transient ischemic attacks (TIA) is not to smoke. (T/F)
tinnitus
ringing in the ears
tympanoplasty
surgery to repair the tympanic membrane
tonometry
a procedure to measure the pressure inside the eye
vertigo
dizziness
topical
placed on the skin
photophobia
an abnormal fear of light
prosthesis
an artificial part
suppurative
formation of pus
stapedectomy
a procedure that removes the stapes bone in the middle ear and replaces it with a prosthesis
pruritis
itching
ophthalmoscope
What instrument is used to examine the eye?
decrease in visual acuity
What is the primary symptom of cataracts?
treatment is essential to prevent permanent blindness
Which of the following statements is true regarding glaucoma? (treatment is essential to prevent permanent blindness, it is an inflammation of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid, it is a clouding of the lens of the eye)
strabismus
What is a disorder in which the eyes fail to look in the same direction?
normally blindness does not occur
Which of the following is true about macular degeneration? (normally blindness does not occur, the primary symptom is a loss of peripheral vision, it is most common in the very young)
diabetic retinopathy
What is the leading cause of blindness in the United States?
if it becomes severe or chronic
When might mastoiditis require surgical treatment (mastoidectomy)? (if it is associated with a middle ear infection, if it becomes severe or chronic, if it is caused by Streptococcus)
stapedectomy
What is a common treatment for otosclerosis?
presbycusis
If symptoms come on gradually, usually after age 50, and start with a loss of hearing high tones, what is this characteristic of?
abnormal movement of the semicircular canals
What is the etiology of motion sickness?
it occurs when fluid lifts the retina away from the choroid
Which of the following statements is true about retinal detachment? (there are no symptoms and retinal detachment can only be picked up by ophthalmoscopic examination, it occurs when fluid lifts the retina away from the choroid, there is no cure and blind
there are no preventive measures for refractive errors
Which of the following statements is true about prevention of refractive errors? (good eyelid hygiene can prevent them from occurring, they can be prevented if diagnosed and treated early, there are no preventive measures for refractive errors)
prompt and thorough treatment of ear infections reduces the risk
Which of the following is true about the prevention of mastoiditis? (prompt and thorough treatment of eye infections reduces the risk, there is no preventive measure, prompt and thorough treatment of ear infections reduces the risk)
true
Arcus senilis is an eye change that may be noted in the elderly. (T/F)
true
Most persons have about a 20/70 visual acuity by age 65. (T/F)
true
Minimal hearing loss is associated with a ruptured tympanic membrane. (T/F)
false
Retinal detachment cannot be visualized with an ophthalmoscope. (T/F)
true
Motion sickness may be relieved or reduced by lying down and closing the eyes. (T/F)
false
Sensorineural deafness is a chronic disease of the inner ear. (T/F)
false (impacted cerum)
Otitis externa is often treated with ear irrigations. (T/F)
true
Acute mastoiditis is usually the result of a middle ear infection. (T/F)
true
Chronic otitis media may need removal of the fluid by a surgical procedure called myringotomy. (T/F)
false
Once PE tubes (pediatric ear tubes) are placed through the tympanic membrane during a procedure called a tympanoplasty, they stay in permanently. (T/F)
true
Color blindness is an inherited, x-linked disorder. (T/F)
false
Diabetic retinopathy is also seen in nondiabetics. (T/F)
true
The macular area of the retina is important in seeing fine detail. (T/F)
true
Photophobia may be a symptom of keratitis. (T/F)
false (myopia)
In astigmatism, the light rays focus in front of the retina. (T/F)
true
Refractive errors are those caused by the eye's inability to correctly focus images onto the retina. (T/F)
false
Otosclerosis is a preventable condition. (T/F)
true
Sensorineural deafness is a preventable condition. (T/F)
true
Good hygiene measures can prevent most cases of conjunctivitis. (T/F)