How many times do pathogens infect a host in a lifetime?
Once
What is a vaccine?
A material that is used to induce immunity.
What does a vaccine prevent?
prevents a disease caused by a particular microorganism.
What does first exposure of a vaccine lead to?
Leads to the formation of memory cells and circulating antibodies.
What does an effective vaccine provide?
Safe, inexpensive, and long lasting protection.
Vaccinating a population gives ________ __________.
Herd immunity
What is herd immunity?
Not so many susceptible individuals if disease arises.
Why is it normal for a vaccine to cause a reaction?
Proof the immune system is being stimulated
With some forms of autism there is ____________ _____________________.
natural regression
What kind of microorganism does a live attenuated vaccines use?
uses a weakend microorganism which is mutated on purpose to become less virulent.
Can a live attenuated vaccine reproduce in the host?
Yes, causing more damage
And leading to better immune memory
Which is the most effective type of vaccine and why?
-Live attenuated vaccine
-Because it may not require an additional vaccine (booster)
Describe what would happen if a mutated organism reverted back to its original form.
-its rare
-fewer people would die
ex: Sabian, polio vaccine
What is MMR?
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
Describe an inactivated killed vaccine?
Contains dead microbes that have been killed with a harsh chemical
such as phenol or formaldehyde.
Why is an inactivated killed vaccine less effective?
-Because it contains a dead microbe it cannot divide in the host.
-Causes less tissue damage
-Less immune memory
-may need a booster!
What is an adjuvant?
A chemical that enhances the immune response.
Which chemical is approved for humans?
alum= aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3
Give examples of inactivated killed vaccines.
-Cholera vaccine
-influenza vaccine
- Salk pollio vaccine
- injected rabies vaccine
What is another name for inactivated killed vaccines.
whole agent vaccines
What is an acellular vaccine?
A vaccine that only introduces the small part of the microbe and not the whole.
How is an acellular vaccine antigen prepared?
Prepared from an extract or a plasmid.
What does an enveloped virus cause?
causes a virion glycoprotein
What does a subunit vaccine induce?
Induces minor immune response and gives some protection but it will still need additional boosters.
Give an example of a subunit vaccine or acellular vaccine.
Anthrax vaccine
What are the 3 types of subunit vaccine?
Conjugated vaccines
Toxoids
Virus-like particle vaccines
What is a conjugated vaccine used for?
Used to induce memory against carbohydrate antigens.
What kind of cells does a conjugated vaccine stimulate?
Stimulates CD5+ B cells at the age of 2
What does a conjugated vaccine link? what kind of protein does it link? and what does it do?
Links protein to carbohydrate
the protein of choice is: inactivated bacterial toxin
This protein piece activates the immune system.
Give 2 examples of conjugated vaccine.
HIB: Haemophilus influenza type B
Prevnar 13: against pneumococcal pneumonia
What is a toxoid vaccine induce?
To induce memory against toxin but NOT the pathogen.
What does a toxoid vaccine use?
Uses an altered or inactivated toxin
What is an antitoxin?
(antivenom)
A collection of antibodies that bind to and neutralize toxin.
What are 2 examples of a toxoid vaccine?
Tetanus vaccine
Diphtheria
Describe a VLP's.
-virus-like particles
-man made empty cuspids with no genetic material inside
Gucci 2 example of a VLP vaccine
-Hepatitis B
-HPV Vaccine
Describe how a DNA vaccine works.
-Gene for a pathogen protein on a plasmid is injected into the skeletal muscle
-Persists un the body as an episome
What would happen if the DNA vaccine worked?
It would form a self producing subunit that would last a life-time and wouldn't require boosters
What is the problem with the DNA vaccine?
-Many problems with the processes
-Human cells reject foreign DNA.
What is serology?
The study of antibodies
What kind of antibodies does a normal immune response use?
Polyclanal antibodies
What is monoclonal? and describe monoclanal antibodies.
-Entire population of antibodies respond to only 1 epitope
-Antibodies produced in lab fusing a normal B cell with a cancerous B cell.
What is important when using a diagnostic test?
Important to specify sensitivity.
What is molecular mimicry?
2 dfferent antigens sharing the same epitope
Describe a molecular mimicry.
Antibody binds to one antigen when it was actually in response to a different antigen
-causing an odd immune response.
What is seroconversion?
Antigen appears in blood and is able to find the infection because the immune system is fully engaged.
What is sero conversion used for?
Used to detect HIV, Syphilis, and Mono
Define titer.
Amount of antibodies circulating in serum
-indicates protection
What is ELISA?
Enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay
-relies on color change and monoclonal antibodies
-basis for drug test, pregnancy test, and HIV test
What is direct ELISA?
Detects antigens in sample.
What is indirect Elisa?
Detects antibodies in a sample