Aseptic Surgery
To prevent microbial contamination of surgical wounds
Sterilization
Is the removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life
Sterilant
A sterilizing agent
Commercial Sterilization
This limited heat treatment
Disinfection
Control directed at destroying harmful microorganisms
Antisepsis
Treatment is directed at living tissue and the chemical is an antiseptic
Degerming
The removal of microorganisms in an area called as degermination
Sanitization
Which is intended to lower microbial counts to safe public health levels and minimize the chances of disease transmission from one user to another
Sepsis
Refers to microbial contamination
Asepsis
The absence of significant contamination
Biocide/ germicide
Kills microbes
Bacteriostasis
Inhibiting, not killing microbes
Thermal death point (TDP)
Is the lowest temperature at which all the microorganisms in a particular liquid suspension will be killed in 10 minutes
Thermal Death Time (TDT)
The minimal length of time for all bacteria in a particular liquid culture to be killed at a given temperature
Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)
Is a third concept related to bacterial heat resistance
Autoclave
These high temperatures are most commonly achieved by steam under pressure
Nucleic acids
Damages to the lethal to the cell
Carbohydrates
Is the 4th cell wall with peptidoglycan
Boiling
kills within about 10 minutes (vegetative bacteria) not spores
Indicators
To shows sterilization
Pasteurization
The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens
Thermoduric
Bacterial survive pasteurization, but these are unlikely to cause disease or cause refrigerated milk to spoil
High temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization
Is applied as the milk flows continuously past a heat exchanger
Ultra-high-temperature (UHT)
sterilizes milk
Equivalent treatment
The temperature is increased, much less time is needed to kill the same number of microbes
Flaming
One of the simplest methods of dry heat sterilization is direct
Hot-air sterilization
Done in the oven. Longer than autoclave because heat is transferred better in water than in air
High-efficiency particular air (HEPA) filters
Remove almost all microorganisms larger than about 0.3 in dimeter
Membrane filters
Composed of such substances as cellulose esters or plastic poylmers, have become popular for industrial and laboratory use
Filtration
The passage of a liquid or gas through a screen like materials
High pressure
Denatures protein
Desiccation
Microorganisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain viable for years
Ionizing radiation
Gamma rays, X-rays, or high-energy electron beams, has a wavelengths short than that of nonionizing radiation, less than about 1 nm.
Nonionizing radiation
Has a wavelength longer than that of ionizing radiations, usually greater than about 1nm
Microwaves
Do not have much direct effect on microorganisms, and better can readily be isolated from the interior of recently operated microwave oven
Osmotic Pressure
High concentration of salts and sugars create a hypertonic environment
Concentration
Of disinfectant
Organic matter
Can interfer with the action of a disinfectant
pH
Affects the activity of disinfectants
Time
Disinfection is usually a gradual process might take several hours
Use-dilution test
A method of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions
Disk-diffusion method
Is used in teaching laboratories to evaluate the efficacy of a chemical agent
Phenol
To control surgical infection in the operating room (carbolic acid)
Phenolics
Contain a molecule of phenol that has been chemically altered to reduce its irritating qualities or increase its antibacterial activity in combination with a soap or detergent
Bisphenols
Are derivatives of phenol that contains two phenolic groups connected by a bridge
Hexacholophene
Good against gram-poitive staphlyococci and streptococi
Triclosan
Widely used
Biguanides
Broad spectrum of activity
Chlorhexdine
Best known on the skin and mucus membrane
Halogens
Particularly iodine and chlorine, are effective antimicrobial agents, but alone and as contituents of inorganic or organic compounds
Tincture
That is in a solution in aqueous alcohol and as an iodophor
Iodophor
Is a combination of iodine and organic molecule, from which the iodine is released slowly
Alcohols
Effectively kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and noneveloped viruses
Chlorine
Used for as a gas or in combination with others chemicals
Hypochlorous acid (HOCI)
Forms when chlorine is added to water
Bleach
Sodium hypocholrite (NaOCI)
Chloramine
Chlorine + Ammonia
Chlorine dioxide
Used in food processing industry
Ethanol
Optimum concentration is 70% denaturation requires water
Isopropanol
Rubbing alcohol
Oligodynamic action
The ability of very small amounts of heavy metals, especially silver and copper to exert antimicrobial activity
Surface-active agents (surfactants)
Can decrease surface tension among molecules of a liquid
Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)
The most widely used surface-active agents are the cationic detergents most widely used surface-active agents
Copper
Copper sulfate is an algicide
Mercury
In inorganic compounds
Zinc
Used in building materials to deter growth of algae
Soaps and detergents
Little value as an antiseptic
Acid-anionic sanitizers
Contain anions that react with the plasma membrane
Sodium nitrate or nitrite
Added to meat products to prevent endospores germination
Nitrosamines
Result from reactions between nitrites and amino acids
Antibiotics
Ones used in food are not useful for treating disease
Nisin
A bacteriocin are produced by one bacterium to inhibit another
Natamycin
Antifungal antibiotic
Aldehydes
An organic molecules
Plasma
Is a state matter in which a gas is excited, in this case by an electromagnetic field, to make a mixture of nuclei with assorted electrical charges and free electrons
Peroxygens
Are a group of oxidizing agents that includes hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid
Gram-negative bacterium
Less resistant than other microbes easier to kill
Mycobacterium
Also are more resistant to chemical biocides
Viruses
Ones with out an envelope are more resistant
Prions
Infectious proteins