vital
necessary for life
vital signs
persons temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure
(tobacco is the 5th vital sign)
temperature
the measurement of the degree of heat in a living body
pulse
measurement of the heart rate in beats per minute.
throbbing caused by the contraction and expansion of an artery as blood passes through it
respiration
breathing rate of an individual, stated in breaths per minute
process that bring oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
blood pressure
force exerted against the walls of the blood vessels as the blood flows through them
Celsius (centigrade)
temperature scale that can be used interchangeably in a medical or dental setting
fahrenheit
temperature scale which broadcasters use in weather forecasting. used for measuring body temperatures in most dental settings
glass thermometers
provide accurate oral temperature
modern ones are mercury-free and contain either galinstan or alcohol.
galinstan is more accurate than digital for the measurement of body temp in children
oral and temporal artery measurements
the most accurate temperature measurement location
ear measurements
the least accurate location for temperature measurement
automatic temperature equipment
"digital temperature equipment
ranges from highly calibrated types used in hospitals to less advanced equipment for at home use.
all should be verified by using traditional fluid-filled thermometer
heat pockets
to obtain an accurate oral reading for temperature place the thermometer probe on one of the ____ _____ located on either side of the floor of the mouth between the base of the tongue and the molar teeth
96-99.6
98.6
normal adult oral temperature
pulse rate
indication of an individuals heart rate.
measured by counting the number of rhythmic beats that can be felt over an artery in 1 minute
60-100 BPM
normal adult heart rate
pulse points
the sites on the surface of the body where rhythmic beats of an artery can easily be felt
brachial artery
the main artery of the upper arms
it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries at the elbow
used when taking BP
radial artery
branch of the brachial artery beginning below the elbow and extending down the forearm on the thumb side of the wrist and into the hand
respiratory rate
determined by counting the number of respirations in 1 minutes - one inhalation and one exhalation = one respiration
14 and 20
20 and 22
normal adult respiratory rate ___ per minute
elderly adult respiratory rate
emphysema
rapid respiration is characters of lung diseases such as ___
65 million Americans
20 million
NHLBI estimates that ____ have have blood pressure and that ___ are not aware they have the condition
3
the ADA recommends dental providers to take BP on all pediatric patients starting at age
6 qt
every time the heart contracts in an adult, it forces ___ of blood beyond the torso and out to the head, hands, feet
systolic pressure
during each heart contraction, the pressure created by the blood as it presses through and against blood vessel walls is known as the ____ _____
the more important of the two pressures in the management of hypertension
diastolic pressure
when the heart relaxes between contractions, the pressure exerted on the vessels lessens but only to a point which is called ___ __
hypertensive
high blood pressure
anything above 140/90
increases when larger blood vessels begin to lose their elasticity and the smaller vessels start t constrict, causing the heart to try to pump the same volume of blood through vessels with smaller internal diamete
hypotensive
low blood pressure
ausculatory method
gold standard for clinical BP measurement ______ _____, where a trained health care providers uses a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope to listen for arterial sounds in the brachial artery
sphygmomanometer
consists of
- a cuff with an inflatable bladder
- a hand bulb with a valve to inflate and deflate the bladder
- a pressure gauge
manometer
device that measures the air pressure in the inflatable pouch
aneroid manometers
use a round dial-type gauge to indicate the pressure reading
most commonly used typed in a dental office setting
must be validated every 6 months for accuracy
mercury manometer
device with a column of mercury to indicate the pressure reading
considered the gold standard measuring devices for BP detection
stethoscope
device that makes sound louder and transfers it to the clinicians ear
amplifying device
makes the sound louder, it may be two-sided with a diaphragm and bell or one-sided with only a diaphragm
diaphragm endpiece
large, flat surface that is used to hear loud sounds like the blood rushing through the arteries
bell endpiece
small rounded surface that is designed to hear faint sounds like heart murmurs
korotkoff sounds
series of sounds that are heard as the pressure in the sphygmomanometer cuff is released during the measurement of arterial blood pressure
systolic pressure is the onset of the tapping ___ sounds
diastolic is the disappearance of the __ sounds
auscultatory gap
a period of abnormal silence that occurs between the korotkoff phase
white coat hypertension
refers to blood pressure that rises above its usual level when it is measured in a health care setting
more common in people who already have hypertension
80%
when a BP cuff is placed on the midpoint of the upper arm, the bladder LENGTH should encircle at least ___ of the midpoint of the upper arm
too short - high reading
too long - low reading
40%
when BP cuff is placed on the midpoint of the upper arm, the WIDTH of the bladder should encircle at least ___ of the arm
too narrow - high reading
too wide - low reading
antecubital fossa
hollow or depressed area in the underside of the arm at the bend of the elbow
used as
- landmark for locating the brachial pulse point
- reference point for cuff placement
- reference point for correct arm position
head and neck examination
physical examination technique consisting of a systematic visual inspection of the skin of the head and neck combined with palpation of the lymph nodes, salivary glands, thyroid gland, and TMJ
sternomastoid muscle
"sternocleidomastoid muscle
long, thick superficial muscle on each side of the head with its organ on the mastoid process and insertion on the sternum and clavicle
acts to bend, rotate, and flex head
significant because the cervical lymph nodes lie above, beneath, and posterior to t
lymphatic system
network of lymph nodes connected by lymphatic vessels that plays an important part in the body defense against infection
lymph
a clear fluid that carriers nutrients and waste materials between the Boyd tissues and the bloodstream
lymph nodes
small, bean-shaped structures that filter out and trap bacteria, fungi, viruses and other unwanted substances to safely eliminate them from the body
400-700 in the body
170-200 in the neck
lymphadenopathy
term for enlarged lymph nodes
most common cause for enlargement - infection
metastasis
spread of cancer from the original tumor site to other parts of the body by tiny clumps of cells transported by the blood or lymphatic system
salivary glands
produce saliva and have ducts that release saliva into the mouth
three main pairs of saliva glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
parotid glands
largest of the salivary glands.
each gland is located on the surface of the master muscle between the ear and the jaw
submandibular glands
sit below the jaw toward the back of the mouth
sublingual glands
located under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth
thyroid gland
one of the endocrine glands
secretes thyroid hormone that controls the body metabolic rate
located in the middle of the lower neck and is covered by layers of skin and muscles
situated below larynx, over the trachea and just above the clavicle
over or underactive gland
the most common disorders of the thyroid gland
nodules
lumps or masses
TMJ
the joint that connects the mandible to the temporal Bone at the side of the head
one of the most complicated joints in the body, allowing the jaw to open and close, move forward and backward, and from side to side
contains a piece of cartilage called a d
inspection
systematic visual examination of a patients general appearance, skin, or a part of the body to observe its condition
palpation
the examination of a part of the body by using fingertips to move or compress a structure against the underlying tissues.
should use fingertips
oral examination
physical examination technique consisting of a systematic inspection of the oral structures.
allows clinician to gather general information on the health of a patient, note early indications of some diseases, and detect abnormalities and potentially life
oral cancer
malignancies of the lip, tongue, gingiva, all of the oral mucosa, oropharynx, and pharynx
80% survival rate
when detected at the earliest stages, oral cancer has an ___ survival rate
tongue
site with the highest incidence rate for oral cancer
vermillion border and commissure
important landmarks of the lips are
sublingual carnucles
located on either side of the lingual frenum
sublingual fold
minor ducts of the submandibular gland that open in the fold of tissue beneath the tongue
filiform papillae
cover the anterior two-thirds of the dorsal surface of the tongue
fungiform papillae
broad, round, red mushroom shaped papillae
foliate papillae
three to five large red leaflike projections on the lateral border of the posterior third of the tongue
circumvallate papillae
8-12 large papillae that form a v-shaped row
oropharynx
part of the throat at the back of the mouth, including the soft palate, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils