Cracks and tears in leaded gloves and aprons will appear ____________________________ when the PPE is radiographed.
black
The cathode has a _________ charge and the anode has a __________ charge
- negative
- positive
The leaded PPE and shielding in radiology is designed to protect you from what source of radiation exposure?
Secondary (scatter) radiation
X-rays are considered to be a form of __________________________ radiation. Along this spectrum there are ionizing and non-ionizing types of radiation, and x-radiation is considered to be ionizing radiation.
electromagnetic
What is the source of electrons in the x-ray tube?
The tungsten filament in the cathode
Kilovoltage peak (kVp) will control which of the following parameters when producing radiographic images?
Acceleration of electrons within the x-ray tube and the power of the x-rays to penetrate through tissues
Milliamperage seconds (mAs) will control which of the following parameters when producing radiographic images?
The number of electrons available at the tungsten filament and the time for which they are available to create x-rays
Why is a grid used when higher exposure settings (mAs and kVp) are used to complete a radiographic image?
The higher exposure setting means more scatter is produced, so the grid absorbs this scatter to improve the radiographic image quality.
ALARA stands for 'As Low as Reasonably Achievable'. What does this mean in radiology?
ALARA is a concept in radiology which refers to radiation safety and minimizing the overall exposure of personnel and patient to radiation during the production of radiographic images.
The collimator performs which of the following during radiographic imaging?
Controls the size of the primary x-ray field
What is 'film fog'?
Darkening or graying of the image on film with loss of clarity and detail.
Which of the following converts x-rays into visible light?
Phosphor crystals inside the intensifying screen
Which of the following characteristics determines the speed of the film?
Size of the silver halide crystals
During which step of film processing does the invisible (latent) image become visible but not permanent?
developing
During which step of film processing are all remaining silver halide crystals removed and the image becomes permanently fixed to the film?
Fixing
What do the exposed silver halide crystals get converted into during the developing step of film processing?
Metallic silver
How does proper use of the collimator help personnel to maintain best practices for ALARA when radiographing patients?
The collimator reduces scatter and shows personnel that are restraining where the primary x-ray field is located
Which of the following may result in film fogging while working in the darkroom?
The exposed radiograph is left on the work area for a long period of time while the safelight is on.
The energy produced by the collision in the production of x-rays generates _______ % heat and ______ % rays
- 99
- 1
The source to image distance (SID) is define
The distance between the source of the x-rays and the film
What is the anode heel effect?
Variation in the number of x-rays produced by the x-ray tube moving from cathode to anode side
Which three factors impact the degree to which the anode heel effect is present on your image?
SID, x-ray field size, and anode angle
Which of the following types of geometric distortion artifact result when the anatomy of interest is positioned parallel to but not as close to the image receptor as possible?
Magnification
Which of the following methods are considered appropriate for preventing patient motion artifact?
Shorter exposure time and use of sedation or anesthesia when appropriate and available
If foreshortening artifact is present on your film, which of the following would be appropriate to eliminate this artifact on the re-take?
Position the anatomy as close to and as parallel to the image receptor as possible
What is a technique chart?
It is a chart with predetermined exposure factor settings based on tissue thickness
What is Sante's Rule?
(2 x tissue thickness in cm) + SID + Grid Factor = kVp
What is a grid factor?
The amount of energy (kVp) added to compensate for absorption by the grid.
For each 1 cm increase in tissue thickness for a kVp between 80 and 100, how much kVp will you add to complete your technique chart?
3 kVp
(rule: for kVp below 80 add or subtract 2 kVp for each 1 cm increase; for kVp between 80 and 100 add 3 kVp for each 1 cm increase; for kVp over 100 add 4 kVp for each 1 cm increase)
If you are using a tabletop technique, what will your Grid factor be?
Zero
Which of the following factors will you adjust to improve radiographic density on your image?
mAs
Which of the following factors will you adjust to improve radiographic contrast on your image?
kVp
If an image has high contrast, what does this mean?
The differences in contrast are large and obvious such as between bone and soft tissue.
Which of the following has the highest radiographic density?
(bone, fat, soft tissue, metal)
fat
rule: (the higher the radiographic density the darker an object is on film)
If an image appears too bright, and the penetration of the tissues is not appropriate, which of the following exposure factors should you adjust to correct the problem?
kVp
In what orientation should a lateral radiographic view be placed on the viewbox?
Patient's head toward the viewer's left and the dorsal aspect toward the top of the view box.
In what orientation should a ventrodorsal radiographic view be placed on the view box?
The patient's head is toward the top of the view box, and the patient's right is to the viewer's left.
Where should you place the marker for a lateral radiographic view of the radius and ulna?
Cranially toward the patient's head
Where should you place the marker for a craniocaudal view of the radius and ulna?
On the lateral aspect of the limb
Where should you place the marker for a dorsoventral view of the thorax?
Place the right marker on the patient's right or the left marker on the patient's left.
X-rays are considered to be what form of radiation?
electromagnetic
The smaller the silver halide crystals of the emulsion layer, the ___________________ the speed of the film and the __________________ the image detail.
-slower
- greater
If the tissue is not very dense, the radiographic density will be affected in which of the following ways?
it will be more radiographically dense.
In the x-ray tube, where is the target located for the accelerated electrons to strike?
anode
Which of the following determines the acceleration applied to the electrons to move them across the x-ray tube to the anode and determines the power of the energy of the x-rays that are produced?
kVp
What is the purpose of the x-ray tube?
Produces a controlled x-ray beam
Which three rules for radiology safety help to ensure the ALARA concept is followed when radiographing patients? Match the concept to the corresponding rule.
(minimize or maximize?)
time - _______
distance- ________
shielding- _______
- minimize
- maximize
- maximize
What is the proper way to store a leaded apron until next use in radiology?
Flat or hanging over a surface at least 3 cm in diameter.
Which of the following will determine the number of electrons available at the tungsten filament and will determine the length of time those electrons are available to produce x-rays?
mAs
Which of the following will occur when the amount of heat applied to the tungsten filament is increased?
more x-rays are produced
What is the purpose of the grid?
Absorbs scatter when higher amounts of mAs and kVp are required for creating a radiograph.
Which technique factor has the most influence on contrast in a radiographic image?
kVp
If a radiograph has high contrast, which of the following would you expect to see on the film?
Black and white contrast is evident with very few grays
If the crystals inside the intensifying screen and the film emulsion are large, which factor will be increased and which factor will be decreased as a result of the combo?
(increase or decrease?)
speed- _______
detail- ________
- increased
- decreased
Where should the RIGHT marker be located in the ventrodorsal (VD) view of the canine thorax shown here? Pretend that you are viewing this hanging on a view box.
When facing the image, the R marker should be placed on the viewer's left
Rank the following items in order from MOST radiodense to LEASTradiodense:
NOTE: In the matching list below, 1 is for the MOST radiodense and 5 is for the LEAST radiodense.
bone -
gas -
fat -
metal
soft tissue -
- 4
- 1 (darkest)
- 2
- 5 (brightest)
- 3
look at question 18 image on take home test 1
****
How might the anode heel effect influence your positioning of an animal for a radiograph?
Thicker portion of the tissue being imaged is placed closer to the cathode side of the x-ray tube
Why do you need to add a grid factor to your kVp calculations when you use a grid?
Grid absorbs scatter. The grid factor increases the energy of the x-rays to compensate for any absorption of the useful x-rays.
Who is credited with the discovery of the x-ray?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
The light bulb in the safelight should be _______ watts or less
15
What is the distance from the source of the x-rays to the film/cassette called?
Source to image distance
What is the standard SID setting for most veterinary patients when radiographing?
36-40 CENTIMETERS
The visible difference in radiodensity between two adjacent areas on a radiograph is referred to as what?
radiographic contrast
When should you use the grid?
When imaging tissues >9 cm thick.
Imagine that you are viewing the radiograph below on a view box. Where should the LEFT marker be found when viewing this radiograph?
(photo is on number 27 of take home test 1)
Either dorsal or ventral to the anatomy without overlapping anatomy.
Which lung fields can you visualize on a ventrodorsal (VD) view of the thorax?
all of them
Where is the location of the focal spot and the target when discussing the x-ray tube?
Anode
Radiodensity refers to which of the following?
The degree of darkness or brightness on a radiograph in a given area
Why are thoracic films taken at peak inspiration?
The chest is fully expanded which provides better contrast and visibility for tissues inside the thorax.
Why is the ventrodorsal (VD) view contraindicated for the patient in respiratory distress?
Patients cannot breathe well when they are lying on their backs. This is due to the position of the head and neck as well as the position of the organs which press downward on the lungs making it harder to expand the chest fully
If I ask you to complete a standard two-view thoracic study, which two views will you take?
VD and right lateral
When processing film, which step converts the latent image into a visible image?
developing
If the fixing step is not performed prior to removing the film from the darkroom, what will happen to the image on the film?
it will darken or fog
The collimator controls which of the following?
Size of the x-ray field
If I expose a piece of film to x-rays, process the film without any light leaks or processing errors, and view the film on the view box, which of the following is most likely going to be TRUE?
The film will be completely black because all of the crystals have been converted to metallic silver
If I place an unexposed piece of film into the processor, process the film without any light leaks or processing errors, and view the film on a light box, which of the following is most likely going to be TRUE?
The film will be completely transparent because all of the crystals will be removed during fixing.
If I ask you to position a patient for a right lateral view of the thorax, which area of the patient will the x-ray enter first?
left lateral side
If you position a rabbit for a ventrodorsal view of the thorax, you should place the patient in which type of recumbency to take this view?
dorsal
Which of the following is correct regarding anode heel effect?
The larger the x-ray field size the greater the effect
What is the source of radiation exposure to personnel during imaging against which leaded PPE and equipment is designed to reduce and prevent?
scatter
What characteristic of x-ray film allows it to capture the radiographic image?
Silver halide crystals in the film's emulsion
Static electricity can result in a film artifact
True
If someone says to you that a film has "fogged", this means which of the following?
The film is damaged by exposure to unwanted or accidental heat, radiation, or visible light turning the image darker with loss of detail.
Which of the following might result in film fogging in the darkroom?
The exposed film is left on the work area and is exposed for a long time to the safelight which is left on.
Match the kVp range to the appropriate rule for calculating appropriate kVp for your technique chart for every increase in patient centimeter (cm) thickness.
(how much kVp do we add per cm increase)
less than 80 -
between 80-100-
greater than 100-
- add 2 kVp
- add 3 kVp
- add 4 kVp
If you are evaluating the technique of a radiograph, and you determine that the radiograph is too bright and that the penetration of the tissues is not appropriate, you should correct the technique by performing which of the following?
Increase kVp by 10 - 15%
question 1 on take home test 2 (photo)
know
Which of the following organs or tissues is NOT normally visible on an abdominal radiograph from a normal healthy dog or cat?
Gallbladder
Which of the following terms is used to describe the overlapping of tissues radiographically which decreases the radiographic density of both at the location where the tissues overlap?
summation
When taking a RIGHT LATERAL OBLIQUE view of the skull, where will you place the marker to indicate that the RIGHT side of the patient is down on the tabletop?
dorsally
Which of the following anatomical landmarks must be identified for you to be sure that you collimate properly to include the entire LATERAL ABDOMEN in your radiograph?
Cranial to the xiphoid process and caudal to the greater femoral trochanters
When imaging the skull, which landmark will you use to center the beam when collimating?
lateral cants of the eye
Why do neonates and emaciated animals tend to have poor abdominal contrast even when mAs and kVp are appropriate?
he increased amount of water in fat of neonates and the lack of sufficient fat in emaciated patients results in poor contrast.
What is the normal appearance of the gastric axis in the VD/DV abdominal view of the canine patient that is properly prepared for abdominal radiographs?
Horizontal gastric axis
gastric axis of dog has ________________ axis while gastric axis of cat has ________________ axis
- horizontal
- j-shaped
When imaging the lumbar spine, which of the following anatomical landmarks is MOST appropriate to ensure that T13 - L1 is included in the radiograph?
Xiphoid process
Which of the following is the easiest abnormality to recognize when viewing long bones radiographically?
fractures
Which of the following structures would not likely be visible in theLATERAL radiograph of a healthy, normal cat?
spleen
Abdominal radiographs should be taken during peak _______________________________.
expiration
Which anatomical landmarks should you use to collimate properly to include the entire LATERAL PELVIS in your radiograph?
Cranial to the wing of the ilium, caudal to the ischiatic tuberosities, the entire body wall dorsally, and about 1/3 of the femurs.
The LEFT kidney is positioned more cranially than the right.
false
A cat has just arrived at the clinic with obvious trauma to the hind end after being attacked by a much larger dog in the client's neighborhood. The clinician wants you to perform a standard two - view radiographic study of the pelvis. The clinician warns
VD Frog-leg view
Why should animals be fasted for approximately 12 hours prior to completing scheduled abdominal radiographs?
-There is minimal risk of aspiration if sedation or anesthesia are required to complete the procedure.
-The elimination of food and fecal material improves contrast for soft tissue abdominal structures
- The stomach is positioned consistently and the gast
What condition presents as an emergency and is diagnosed by a single left lateral abdominal radiograph showing the classic "double bubble" or "smurf hat" appearance?
GDV
Which of the following radiographic views of the abdomen would be best to take if the clinician suspects free air in the abdominal cavity?
Lateral decubitus view (left lateral positioning)
The technique chart for exotic small mammals and birds differs from technique charts for other domestic species in which of the following ways?
Tissue thickness is based on the thickest part of the patient not the particular anatomy of interest.
Which of the following methods would be most appropriate to improve visualization of the digits when imaging the canine or feline digits?
Apply tape to the end of the first and fifth digit and gently pull toes in opposite directions to spread them apart.
In which of the following scenarios would using the lateral flexed leg view of the pelvis be preferred for imaging?
When imaging the caudal urethra
If you are submitting radiographs to either the PennHIP or OFA programs for evaluation, you are wanting to obtain information about which of the following conditions?
Hip Dysplasia in dogs
Which of the following abnormal findings on a radiograph is commonly observed in canine hip dysplasia?
Deformed femoral head and neck
How will you position the hind limb for a lateral radiograph of the stifle?
Place the animal in dorsal recumbency and allow the hind limb to flex naturally as it rests on the tabletop.
question 25 (photo) on take home test 2
know
question 26 (photo) on take home test 2
know
What is the general rule for collimation when imaging a long bone?
Always include the joint above AND below the bone of interest.
Which views are most appropriate for completion of a two-view study of the chelonian (turtle) lung?
Craniocaudal and lateral views
Which of the following will minimize patient motion artifact associated with respiration when radiographing exotic companion animals?
Using the highest mA and shortest exposure time (s) possible
question 30 (photo) take home test 2
Know
question 31 (photo) take home test 2
Know
Which of the following locations is most appropriate for taping the wing for a mediolateral view?
Over the proximal humerus and carpus if needed.
How will you position a horse for a lateromedial view of P3?
Position the hoof on a wooden block as close to the medial edge of the block as possible.
question 34 (photo) take home test 2
know
Which of the following views is most appropriate for visualizing rotation of P3?
Lateral view of the Distal Phalanx
question 36 (photo) take home test 2
know
Which of the following imaging methods utilizes an x-ray tube and cassette moving 360 degrees around the patient to take images in slices or sections as small as 1 mm?
CT
When hydrogen atoms are energized by radiofrequency and then allowed to return to their normal energy states, the energy released is converted into images. This technology is called ultrasound
False
question 39 (photo) take home test 2
Know question and reasoning
Which of the following imaging methods is most preferred for imaging the bone and the spinal cord?
MRI
What is the most important safety precaution you must take when imaging using MRI technology?
Absolutely no metal is allowed in the room with the MRI machine due to the risk for projectile effect and magnetization
Name ONE type of imaging technology which DOES NOT require the use of RADIATION to produce images.
- MRI
- Ultrasound
Name ONE type of imaging technology which DOES require the use of RADIATION to produce images.
- CT
- Conventional film radiography
- Digital radiography
_______ contrast media appears white on film while ________ contrast media appears black.
- positive
- negative
Barium sulfate is preferred when performing positive contrast studies in patients with suspected GI perforation because this substance is water soluble and is safely and easily eliminated from the body.
False
In which of the following scenarios would the use of fluoroscopy be preferred over conventional film and CT methods of imaging?
Evaluating the passage of food as it moves down the esophagus of a Golden Retriever
question 46 (photo) take home test 2
Know question and reasoning
Which of the following imaging methods uses piezoelectric ceramics to convert echoes into diagnostic images?
Ultrasound
question 48 (photo) take home test 2
Know
T-13 vertebrae is located by looking for the _____________ ___________
last rib
question 49 (photo) take home test 2
know question and reasoning
What are the standard views taken for the vomiting patient?
Right lateral, left lateral, and VD