conus medullaris
this is the region of the spinal cord that comes to a cone shape in the area of lumbar-1
cauda equina
this is the area where the nerves of the spinal cord branch in such a manner that it looks like a horse's tail
filum terminale
exit of sacral
anterior median sulcus
this is a deep groove on the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. it is not as deep as the posterior median sulcus
posterior median sulcus
this is a deep groove on the posterior aspect of the spinal cord.
gray matter
this is the central portion of the spinal cord. it is shaped like a butterfly or the capital letter H. it consists of: anterior horn/ lateral horn / posterior horn.
laterally
many of the spinal nerves emerge ______ from the spinal cord by emerging from the anterior gray horn and the posterior gray horn
white matter
this is the lighter area that surrounds the gray matter. it consists of anterior white / lateral white / posterior white. it consists of columns of nerves that go to and from the brain
central canal
this is a canal that cerebrospinal fluid flows through that is in the center of the gray matter. this is an extension of the 4th ventricle in the brain
anterior white
this column consists of a tract of nerves (the spinothalmic tract) that transmits impulses (such as pain and temperature sensations) to the thalamus
lateral white
this column consists of a tract of nerves (the spinocerebellar tract) that transmits proprioception sensations to the cerebellum
spinocerebellar tract
what tract runs the entire length of spinal cord
spinothalmic tract
what is inferior to the spinocerebellar tract
posterior white
the _______ consists of two major areas. the fascicles gracilis and the fascicles cuneatus
fasciculus gracilis
the ______ is nearest the posterior median sulcus and consists of a tract of nerves that transmits touch and pressure sensations from the lower body to the cerebrum
fasciculus cuneatus
the ______ is lateral to the fasciculus gracilis and consists of a tract of nerves that transmits touch and pressure sensations from the upper body to the cerebrum
anterior gray
consists of somatic motor nerves (skeletal muscles)
lateral gray
consists of visceral motor nerves (viscera ex: smooth muscle, stomach, and blood vessels)
posterior gray
consists of somatic sensory nerves and visceral sensory nerves
anterior rootlets
these are branches that emerge from the anterior gray matter
posterior rootlets
these are banshees that emerge from the posterior gray matter
spinal nerve
the anterior root and the posterior root merge together to form the ______ .
spinal nerve
the _______ branches to form the anterior ramus and the posterior ramus
posterior ramus
these will branch some more to innervate back muscles for example
anterior ramus
these will branch some more to innervate anterior tissues; plus, some will form nerve plexuses
afferent nerves
transmit impulses to the CNS
efferent nerves
transmit impulses to the periphery
autonomic and somatic nerves
what nerves does the periphery contain
parasympathetic and sympathetic
the autonomic nerves include what
cervical plexus
consists of nerves identified as C1-C8.
cervical plexus
a major nerve associated with this plexus is the phrenic nerve and this nerve innervates the diaphragm muscle
brachial plexus
consists of nerves identified as C4-T1
brachial plexus
one nerve associated with this plexus is the ulnar nerve and this nerve innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
lumbar plexus
consists of nerves identified as T12 through L4
lumbar plexus
a major nerve associated with this plexus is the femoral nerve and this nerve innervates the sartorius and the quadriceps
sacral plexus
consists of nerves identified as L4 through S4
sacral plexus
a major nerve associated with this plexus is the sciatic nerve and this nerve innervates the hamstring muscles
sympathetic
the nerves from the _____ division emerge from the spinal cord (T1 - L3)
sympathetic
dilates the pupil
sympathetic
increases heart rate
sympathetic
increases tracheal diameter
sympathetic
decreases insulin production
sympathetic
relaxes the urinary bladder
sympathetic
causes ejaculation
parasympathetic
the nerves from the ______ division emerge from the brain and sacrum
parasympathetic
constricts the pupils
parasympathetic
decreases the heart rate
parasympathetic
decreases tracheal diameter
parasympathetic
increases insulin production
parasympathetic
tenses the urinary bladder
parasympathetic
causes an erection
sinoatrial node (SA node)
located on the roof of the right atrium. it's the hearts pacemaker
atrioventricular node (AV node)
located on the border of the right atrium and right ventricle
atrioventricular bundle
this is the nerve that emerges from the AV node and then branches into the right bundle and left bundle
right and left bundles
these nerves run along the interventricular septum going toward the apex of the heart
purkinje fibers
these nerve fibers branch off the right and left bundles and curve in such a manner as to ascend the ventricles
ECG
the ____ image is labeled as P, QRS, and T waves
P wave
_____ represents the impulses traveling from the SA node across the atria to the AV node. this is atrial contraction
AV bundles
there is a flat line traveling between the P wave and the start of the Q. This represents the impulse traveling through the _______ .
QRS wave
______ represents the impulses traveling through the Purkinje fibers. this is ventricle contraction
T wave
______ represents ventricular repolarization. Atrial repolarization occurs during the QRS complex
atria to contract
if the length of the P wave is too long, this means it's taking too long for the _______ .
ventricles to contract
if the distance between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the Q is too long, this means it's taking too long for the impulse to travel the bundle branches to cause the ________ .
Bundle of His (Hiss)
the right and left bundle branches used to be called the ________ . since this is a person's name, the name has been changed
subendocardial branches
purkinje is also a person's name and a suggested name change is, ________, but this name really hasn't caught on yet
electrocardiogram
ECG (or EKG) stands for ________ .