Surface Anatomy
shapes and markings on teh surface as related to deeper structure.
Visual inspection and palpation
Appendicular Skeleton
The skeleton of the appendages
Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles
Tubercle
small rounded projection or process
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection, may be roughened
Trochanter
Very large, irregularly shaped process
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
spine
sharp, slender process
process
bony prominence
crest
narrow prominent ridge of bone
line
narrow ridge of bone
Foramen
rounded or oval opening through a bone
groove
..yeah, this doesn't merit definition
notch
indentation at the edge of a bone
fossa
shallow basin-like depressino
head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
facet
smooth, near flat articular surface
condyle
rounded articular projection
fascicles: circular
(spinchter)
arranged in concentric rings
external body openings
ex: orbicularis oris
fascicles: convergent
broad origin, converge toward tendon of insertion
fibers extend origin to insertion
ex: pectoralis major
fascicles: parallel
long axes of fascicles run parallel to long axis of muscle.
fibers extend from origin to insertion
fusiform ex: biceps brachii
straplike ex: sartorius
fascicles: pennate
short fibers, oblique attachment to tendon that runs length of muscle
feather like
fascicles: multipennate
feathers arranged side by side, with one large tendon
ex: deltoid
fascicles: bipennate
facicles insert into the tendon from both sides
ex: rectus femoris
fascicles: unipennate
fascicles insert into only one side of tendon
ex: extensor digitorum longus
Muscle movement
fibers more nearly parallel to long axis = greater ability to shorten and larger distance of movement
muscle power
depends on total number of fibers.
bipennate and multipennate tend to be most powerful with little range of motion
Prime mover
major responsibility for producing a motion
Agonist
when two muscles contribute heavily to a motion, called this instead of prime mover
Antagonist
oppose or reverse a movement
usually contract slightly to control movement (but can be stretched or relaxed)
often agonist for other motion
synergist
assist prime mover by adding force or limiting udesirable extra motion
fixator
a synergist that holds a bone in place to give astable base to the prime mover
muscles that maintain posture and stabilize joints
muscle naming conventions
Location
Shape
Relative Size
Direction of Fascicles and Fibers
Location of Attachments
Number of Origins
Action
Muscle Actions (general)
crosses anteriorly: flexion
crosses posteriorly extension
crosses lateraly: abduction
crosses medialy: adduction
Muscle Actions (knee and ankle)
crosses anteriorly: extension
crosses posteriorly: flexion
compartment
a division of limb muscles boardered by dense fibrous connective tissue
muscles in same area have similar actions, work as synergists
Isometric contraction
length is constant, tension can change
Isotonic contraction
tension is constant, length can change
concentric contraction
muscle is shortening
eccentric contraction
muscle is lengthening