Anatomy Exam Review

What does the Cardiovascular System consist of?

Heart & Vessels

What are the funstions of a functional cradiovascular system?

Supplying Oxygen and Nutrients to Tissues.
Removing Waste.

Pulmonary Circuit

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Systemic Circuit

Sends oxygenated blood to all body cells.

Size of an average adult heart?

4cm long, & 9cm wide.

Where does the heart lie in your body?

Mediastinum (under the sternum).

Pericardium

the outer tough connective tissue that encloses the heart.

Epicardium

Outermost Layer.
Houses Blood.
Lymph Capillaries.

Myocardium

Middle Layer.
Cardiac Muscle.
Thickest Layer.

Endocardium

Inner Layer.
Made up of Connective Tissue & Epithelium.

4 Chambers of the heart?

Right Atrium.
Left Atrium.
Right Ventricle.
Left Ventricle.

2 Chambers that recieve blood.

Atriums.

Papillary Muscles

contract during ventricular contraction to close A-V valves & prevent back flow.

Tricuspid

Between RA & RV.

Bicuspid

Between LA & LV.

Cardiac Cyle

Cycle of events that occurs when the heart beats.

Systole

Contraction

Diastole

Relaxation

Lubb

AV Valves (Bicuspid & Tricuspid) closing during ventricular systole.

Dubb

Pulmonary and Aortic Valves coling during diastole.

What is the S-A node and why is it important?

Pacemake.
Generates the heartbeat.

Blood is made up of...

55% Plasma
45% Cells

Plasma is made up of....

90% Water.
10% Nutrients, Minerals, Lipids, & Salts.

Function of Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

Transport oxygen to your body.

Purpose of hemoglobin in RBC's?

Oxygen attaches to hemoglobin for transport.
responcible for red color.

Function of White Blood Cells?

Fight Diseases.

Platelets responcible for...

Blood Clotting,

4 functions of the blood.

Transport oxygen from lungs to body cells.
Transports waste to kidneys.
Carry Carbon Dioxide from cells to lungs.
Transports Nutrients.

Blood Types.

A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-

Rh Factor determines what..?

if the blood type is + or -.

Universal Recipient.

AB+

Univeral Donor

O-

+ blood recieves from..?

+ and -.

- blood recieves from..?

Only -.

What is the digestive system?

Chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts.

Two types of digestion.

Mechanical.
Chemical.

Lipids are broken down into..

Fatty Acids

Proteins are broke down into..

Amino Acids.

Carbs are broken down into...

Simple Sugars.

3 functions of the digestive system.

Produce various chemicals to breakdown food.
Filters out harmful substances.
Gets rid of solid waste.

Ways teeth can change physical form of food.

Chew.
Tear.
Grind.
Mash.
Mix.

Digestive Enzymes.

Special proteins that help break up large molecules of food into very tiny molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells in the form of nutrients.

5 phases of digestion

Ingestion.
Movemnet.
Digestion.
Absorption.
Further Digestion.

Digestive Tract.

Long muscular tube with many sections and areas.

Mouth

Food enters mouth, tasting, mechanical breakdown of food & secrection of salivary glands.

Pharynx

Connects mouth to esophagus.

Esophagus

tube that connects the mouth to the stomach and pushes down the food.

Stomach

Secretes Acid and enzymes.

Small Intestine

Mixes Food with bile and pancreatic juice.

Large intestine

Absorbs water and electrocytes to form feces.

Teeth

Cut.
Tear,
Crush.
Grind.

Tongue

Mixes and rolls food into tiny mashed up bites.

Salivary Glands

Produce and Secrete Saliva into the oral cavity.

Liver

Removes excess amino acids and breaks them down through demination to form urea.

Gall bladder

Stores bile and introduces it to the small intestine.

Pancreas

Produces and secretes pancreatic juice.

Alimentary Canal

Extends from mouth to anus that secretes substances used in the process of digestion into the canal.

4 Layers of the Alimentary Canal

Mucosa.
Submucosa.
Muscular Layer.
Serosa.

Bolus

Mashed up food.

Peristalsis

Propels food down esophagus.

Rugae

Inner folds of stomach.

Gastric Juices in the Stomach?

Hydrochloric Acid & Enzymes.

Pepsin

Converts proteins into peprides.

Mucus

Lubricates food and protects gastric lining.

Chyme

Liquid Bolus

How long is the Small Intestine?

20 Feet.

3 Parts of the Small Intestine.

Duodenum.
Jehunam.
Ileum.

Excretory System?

Gets rid of waste.

2 Types of waste?

Metabolic.
Solid.

Pathway of urine excrection.

Kidney ? Ureter ? Urinary Bladder ? Urethra

Neuron

Masses of nerve cells that transmit information.

Axon

Single, Long "FIber" which conducts impulse away form the cell cody, sends information.

Dendrite

Shorter.
More numerous.
Recieve Information.

What is PNS?

peripheral nervous system.

What is CNS?

Central Nervouse System.

Functions of the Nervous System.

sends and receive information from different parts of body in the system.

Sensory Receptors.

an organ having nerve endings that respond to stimulation.

Effector.

An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus

Somatic Nervous System.

the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System.

The part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

Sensory Neuron

relating to sensation or the physical senses

Motor Neuron

A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland

Interneuron

transmits impulses between other neurons, esp. as part of a reflex arc.

Synapse

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

Dura Mater.

the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges.

Arachnoid Mater.

the middle layer of the meninges.

Pia Mater.

the highly vascular innermost of the 3 meninges.

Function of the Cerebellum.

plays an important role in motor control.

Brain Stem

posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.

Brain stem consists of..

Midbrain.
Medulla Oblongata.
Pons.

Episodic Memory

memory of autobiographical events.

Semantic Memory.

the memory of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge

Procedural Memory

memory for the performance of particular types of action.

Working Memory

the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated.