blood
transports everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body. Including: nutrients, wastes and body heat through blood vessels
Blood
a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells, the formed elements are suspended in plasma
formed elements
living blood cells
plasma
a non living fluid matrix
erythrocytes
red blood cells used for oxygen transport
buffy coat
thin whitish layer between the erythrocytes and the plasma after being spun in a centrifuge, contains leukocytes and platelets
leukocytes
white blood cells (function to protect the body)
hematocrit
tests iron in blood, checks if a person is anemic
albumin
plasma protein that acts as a carrier to shuttle molecules through circulation, blood buffer, regulates osmotic pressure
antibodies
protect the body
erythrocytes
are anucleate small flexible cells, disclike, contain hemoglobin, have few organelles, lack mitochondria
anucleate
lack a nucleus
hemoglobin
iron bearing protein that transports oxygen in blood
anemia
a decrease in oxygen carrying ability in the blood
anemia
cause by lower number of red blood cells or deficient/abnormal hemoglobin content
erythrocytes
outnumber white blood cells 1000-1
erythrocytes
make atp anaerobically
polycythemia
an increase or excessive amount of erythrocytes
polycythemia
result in an increased blood viscosity and slow circulation
polycythemia
helpful in high altitudes
diapedesis
the ability to slip in and out of the blood vessels
positive chemotaxis
the ability to locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells
ameboid motion
movement through forming flowing cytoplasmic extensions
leukocytosis
white blood cell count above 11,000 cells per cubed mm
leukocytosis
indication of bacterial or viral infection
leukopenia
abnormally low white blood cell count
leukopenia
blood abnormality caused by corticosteriods and anticancer agents
leukemia
condition when bone marrow becomes cancerous and hugh number of immature, dysfunctional white blood cells are produced. puts person at risk for disease and causes bleeding problems from red blood cells being crowded out.
granulocytes
granule containing white blood cells.
granulocytes
have lobed nuclei that typically consist of several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material
neutrophils
the most numerous leukocyte, multilobed nucleas
neutrophils
leukocyte located at the site of acute infection, bacteria and fungi infections
eosinophils
contain coarse lysosome-like red cytoplasmic granules
eosinophils
leukocyte which works on allergies, parasitic worms and antigen antibodies
basophils
contain large histamine containing granules
basophils
leukocytes which attack allergens
histamine
an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other white blood cells to inflammatory site
agranulocytes
lack visible cytoplasmic granules, have spherical, oval or kidney shaped nucleus and include lymphocytes and monocytes
lymphocytes
contain large dark purple nucleus that occupies most of it, close in size to red blood cells
lymphocytes
reside in lymphatic tissue, involved in immune response
monocytes
large white blood cells with kidney shaped nuclei. resemble large lymphocytes
monocytes
when they migrate into tissues they turn into macrophages, fight off chronic infection, like tuberculosis
platelets
fragments of ruptured megakaryocytes that are part of clotting
magakaryocytes
multinucleate cells which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet "pieces" that quickly seal themselves off from surrounding fluids
platelets
appear as dark irregular bodies
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
hemocytoblast
the common stem cell located in the red bone marrow where all the formed elements arise from
erythropoietin
hormone that controls the rate of erythrocyte production produced by kidneys and liver, based on oxygen in blood
hemostasis
the stoppage of bleeding resulting from blood vessel breakage
hemostasis
involves three stages: vascular spasms, platelet plug formation and coagulation
vascular spasms
immediate response to blood vessel injury
vascular spasms
vasoconstriction, causes spasms to narrow blood vessel and minimize blood loss
platelet plug formation
platelets are attracted to the exposed collagen fibers of a broken blood vessel, release chemicals to enhance spasms and attract platelets
platelet plug
white thrombus
tissue factor
a substance injured tissues produce to enable clotting
PF3
a phosopholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets, interacts with tissue factor, vitamin K and the blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions that triggers the clotting cascade
prothrombin activator
active in clotting cascade, converts prothrombin to thrombin
prothrombin
present in plasma, converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator
thrombin
an enzyme formed from prothrombin
thrombin
joins soluble fibrinogen to form fibrin
fibrin
thrombrin and fibrinogen proteins that are long and hairlike and insoluble. forms meshwork that traps red blood cells providing base of clot
serum
plasma minus clotting proteins
thrombus
a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. may prevent blood from flowing beyond blockage
embolus
a thrombus that has broken away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood stream. is usually not a problem unless it tries to pass through a blood vessel too narrow
thrombocytopenia
an insufficient number of circulating platelets causes petechiae from spontaneous bleeding caused by anything that suppresses bone marrow
hemophilia
several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from factors that are needed for clotting
hemophilia
condition which causes the person to rely on fresh plasma or purified clotting factors to get better after a bleeding episode
antigen
a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount defense against it
antibodies
recognizes foreign things and attaches to them
aggluitination
clumping of antibodies and red blood cells when antigens are identified
ABO blood groups
based on type A and type B antigens that a person inherits
Rh blood groups
named after the 8 antigens found in rhesus monkeys that were later discovered in humans (either positive or negative)
hemolysis
the rupture of red blood cells
hypertonic
state of few things in cells and many things in outer fluid, causing cell to collapse
hypotonic
state of too many things in cells and few out of cells causing cells to explode
isotonic
state of balance between what is in the cells and what is in the fluid around it, desirable state of blood
8
percentage of body weight blood makes up
insulin
released to store sugar
glycogon
hormone that transfers glycogen to blood
keytonacidosis
when there is too many proteins in your diet and not enough carbs
biconcave
structure resulting from the erythrocytes spitting out organelles and nucleus. allows erythrocytes to be able to be manipulated for easy movement through capillaries
hemoglobin
binds strongly to oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
erythrocyte
formed element which is the main contributer to blood viscosity, when the number of these increase the blood flows slower
250 million
number of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte
1.25 billion
number of erythrocytes per mm cubed
sickle cell anemia
condition when hemoglobin becomes sickle shaped when oxygen is unloaded, leaves person gasping for air
leukocytes
respond to chemicals via positive chemotaxis
leykocytes
function by following diffusion gradient, they pinpoint areas of damage and destroy micoorganisms
b and t
two kinds of lymphocytes
b
lymphocyte which marks for destruction
t
lymphocyte which destroys bad cells
erythrocytes
formed element which is unable to grow, divide or synthesize proteins
3-6 minutes
time it takes for blood to clot
hypovitamintosis
vitamin k deficiency which causes an inability to form clots
hepatitis and cirrhosis
two conditions which cause liver damage causing inability to clot normally
hemophilia
people with this condition need fresh plasma or concentrated clotting factor
hypoxic
low oxygen
cyatonic
when a newborn is blue
anemia, cyatonic, hypoxic
possible three results of hemolytic disease of a newborn
intrinsic factor B12, vitamin k deficiency, iron deficiency
three reasons for blood formation problems
blood
the only fluid tissue in the body
collegen and elastin
two fibers which are absent in blood, causing a liquid tissue
45
percentage of erythrocytes in blood
1
percentage of white blood cells and platelets in blood
55
percentage of plasma in blood
scarlet
color of blood when oxygen rich
dull red
color of blood when oxygen poor
7.35-7.45
pH balance of blood
100.4 F
temperature of blood
90
percent water is of plasma
100
there are over ______ substances in plasma
water
solvent for carrying other substances, absorbs heat
electrolytes
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride bicarbonate,
electrolytes
helps maintain osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulation of membrane permeability
plasma proteins
albumin, fibrinogen, globulins
plasma proteins
take care of osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting of blood, and defense
plasma proteins
the most abundant solutes in plasma except for antibodies and protein based hormones, produced by liver.
albumin
plasma protein that acts as a carrier to shuttle molecules through circulation, blood buffer, regulates osmotic pressure
antibodies
protect the body
clotting proteins
stop blood loss
liver, respiratory system and kidneys
homeostasis of plasma is maintained by these organs
erythrocytes
outnumber white blood cells 1000-1
250
number of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte
4
number of oxygen molecules that hemoglobin binds to
4-6 million
number of red blood cells per mm cubed
sickle cell anemia
abnormal hemoglobin turn spiky and sharp during low oxygen content (exercise etc) stiff deformed erythrocytes rupture and dam up small blood vessels
sickle cell anemia
caused by the presence of two of the abnormal gene which normally, in the cases of one gene, would stick malaria infected red blood cells to the vessel wall to starve it of potassium and kill the parasite
sickle cell trait
those carrying 1 gene of sickle cell, don't have symptoms but can pass the traits on to their children
4000-11000
number of white blood cells per mm cubed
complete
white blood cells are the only _____ blood cells
circulatory system
white blood cells use this system to travel around the body
positive chemotaxis
the leukocytes use this to find damaged tissue
ameboid motion
leukocytes use this to move towards damaged tissue
erythrocytes
other word for red blood cells
leukocytes
other word for white blood cells
white blood cells
pinpoint damage and rally around to destroy microorganisms and dispose of dead cells
granulocytes and agranulocytes
the two major groups of leukocytes
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
three granulocytes
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
order of leukocytes by abundance
never let monkeys eat bananas
sentence to remember the order of abundance of leukocytes :)
lymphocytes and monocytes
two agranulocytes
300,000
number of platelets per mm cubed
myeloid tissue
red bone marrow where hematopoiesis occurs. found chiefly in skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, epiphyses, humerus, femur
100 billion
average blood cells created per day
hemocytoblast
forms lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells
produces lymphocytes
myeloid stem cell
produces all classes of blood cells except for lymphocytes
100-120 days
life span of a red blood cell
spleen and liver
fragments of dead red blood cells are eliminated by phagocytes in these organs
reticulocyte
a young red blood cell that still contains rough endoplasmic reticulum begins transporting oxygen
2 days
a reticulocyte rejects endoplasmic reticulum and becomes a full erythrocyte after this amount of time
3-5 days
the total time of development of erythrocytes
hormones
control the formation of leukocytes and platelets
colony stimulating factors and interleukins
hormones that control leukocyte production. they also enhance mature white blood cell ability to protect the body. released in response to specific chemical signals in the environment
thrombopoietin
acceleration of the production of platelets
bone marrow biopsy
used to determine bone marrow problems. performed on ilium or sternum
endothelium
lining of the blood vessel walls
collagen fibers
platelets are attracted to the exposed _____ of a broken blood vessel, release chemicals to enhance spasms and attract more platelets
white thrombus
platelet plug
coronary thrombus
blockages formed in the blood vessels serving the heart. can result in death of heart tissue and/or heart attack
clotting
caused by anything that roughens the endothelium. can be caused by severe burns, physical blows and accumulation of fatty materials
cerebral embolus
an embolus blocking the blood vessels to the brain. results in a stroke
petechial
small purplish blotches caused by spontaneous bleeding of small blood vessels
blood loss
results in blood vessel constriction and increased blood cell formation
15-30
percentage of blood loss that causes 'weakness'
30
over this percentage of blood loss is fatal
35 days
blood in blood banks can be held for this long
plasma membranes
location of antigens on red blood cells
antigens
are used to identify bacteria. other people's antigens would be attacked as bacteria if put in your system
agglutination
binding of antibodies to foreign red blood cells. cause red blood cells to lyse and hemoglobin to block small blood vessels and kidney tubules
fever, chills, naseau, vomiting, blood rejection
possible side affects of blood transfusions
agglutinogens
red blood cell antigens that promote clumping
aggultinins
antibodies that bind to red blood cells
30
around how many different kinds of red blood cells there are
type o
blood type that have antibodies for a and b
type ab
blood type with no antibodies for antigens
type a
blood type with antibodies for type b
type b
blood type with antibodies for type a
infancy
in ABO blood group, antibodies are formed during
you're exposed
you form Rh antibodies when
second
hemolysis due to the presence of Rh antigens will occur at this exposure
hemolytic disease of the newborn
anemic and hypoxic and cyatonic. brain damage and death can occur unless fetal transfusions are performed to provide red blood cells to the fetus. caused by Rh- mothers who have had at least one Rh+ baby before and was not treated with RhoGAM
RhoGAM
medicine that prevents the formation of Rh antibodies
28 days
age at which a fetus creates blood cells
physiologic jaundice
fetal red blood cells are destroyed at such a rapid rate that the infant liver can not rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
HBF
kind of hemoglobin in fetus
congenital
types of diseases hemophilia and sickle cell anemia are
pernicious anemia
caused by stomach mucosa atrophy
young and old
age group at risk for leukemia
phlebotomist
a person who collects and processes blood samples
hemorrhagic anemia
decrease in red blood cell number resulting from a sudden hemorrhage
hemolytic anemia
decrease in red blood cell number resulting from lysis of red blood cells as a result of bacterial infections
pernicious anemia
decrease in red blood cell number resulting from lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for the absorption of the vitamin)
aplastic anemia
decrease in red blood cell number resulting from depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation or certain medication
iron deficiency anemia
inadequate hemoglobin content in red blood cells resulting from lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; red blood cells are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin