Origin
The point of attachment of a muscle (to a bone or another muscle), which is not moved by contraction of that muscle., properties attributable to your ancestry
Insertion
Point of attachment of a muscle, that is moved by contraction
Innervation
The arrangement or distribution of nerves to an organ or body part
Functions
Anatiomical function of the particular structure being discussed
Anatomy
#NAME?
Gross Anatomy
#NAME?
Miroscopic anatomy-Histology
#NAME?
Branches of anatomy
1. Systemic anatomy
2. Regional Anatomy
3. Surface Anatomy
4. Developmental Anatomy
5. Embryology
6. Pathologic Anatomy
7. Funtional Anatomy
8. Radiographic Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Studies skeletal, muscular, nerous, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary and respitory systems
Regional Anatomy
Discusses the structures of back, upper and lower limbs, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, head and neck region
Surface Anatomy
Shapes and marking on body surface
Developmental Anatomy
Structural changes within the body throughout life
Embryology
study of the development of the body before birth
Pathologic Anatomy
deals with structural changes in the body before birth
Functional Anatomy
Feals with the funtion of body structure
Radiographic anatomy
Study of body using advanced instruments
Major Body Cavaties
1. Dorsal Cavity
2. Ventral Cavity
3. Pelvic Cavity
Dorsal Cavity
#NAME?
Ventral Cavity
#NAME?
Thoracic cavity
#NAME?
Pelvic Cavity
separated by the perineum by the pelvic diapgram, levator ani muscle and the ischiococcygeus muscle
Anatomical Position
When standing tall and palms facing outwards
Axes
#NAME?
Planes
-Median (median saggital/ midsaggital) plan, left- right
-Sagittal (paramedian/ parasagittal) plan, not directly in half a little to the left or right
-Frontal Plan, front and back
-Transverse plan, up and down
Anterior
#NAME?
Posterior
#NAME?
Ventral
Towards the abdomen
Dorsal
towards the back
Superior
upwards with the body erect
Inferior
downwards with the body erect
Cranial
towards the head
Caudal
towards the buttocks
Rostral
towards the mouth
Median
within the median plan
Medial
towards the middle
Lateral
away from the middle
Proximal
towards the limb attachment
Distal
away from the limb attachment
Peripheral
towards the surface of the body
Central
towards the center of the body
Superfical
deep
Ipsilateral
on or relating to the same side (of the body)
Oblique
a diagonally arranged abdominal muscle on either side of the torso
Flexion
bending
Extension
streching
Abduction
away from the body
Adduction
Towards the body
Rotation
pivoting or rotary motion
Circumduction
circular movement
Supination
palm up
Pronation
palm down
X-ray
a type of radiation that can go through many solid substances, allowing hidden objects such as bones and organs in the body to be photographed
Contrast Media
-used in imaging techniques to visualize specific internal structures
1. Barium sulfate ingestion (intestines)
2. Angiography (blood vessels)
3. Myelography (spianl cord and nerve roots)
4. Pyelography (urinary tract)
5. Arthrography (joints)
Computed Tomography (CT)
-3D view of the body
-used to detect body lesions, tumors and other pathologic conditions
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
-an imaging technique used to study brain structure and activity
-subjects the body to strong magnetic field (60,000 times stronger than that of the earth)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
#NAME?
Ultrasound
-using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram)
-Duplex scanning, images of vessels or structures (uses combined dopler and b-mode)
-Color coded duplex (CCD), uses color coding to super impose the flow
Skeletal system
-consist of 206 bones
-divided into axial and appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton
-made up of 80 bones
Consists of
1. Auditory bones
2. skull
3. hyboid bone in neck region
4. the vertebral column
5. the ribs
6. sternum in thoracic regoin
Appendicular Skeleton
1. bone of the shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle)
2. the bones of the upper limb, each side
3. the pelvic (hip) bone
4. bones of the lower limb, each side
Bones
complex structure made up of several tissues, including...
1. bone tissue
2. cartilage
3. nerves and others
Long Bones
#NAME?
Short bones
small and roughly cube shaped
Flat bone
are thin, flattened and usually curved
Irregular bone
are of various shapes and do not fit in other categories
Functions of bones *(FoB)
1. Support
2. Movement
3. Mineral storage
4. Blood-cell formation (hemopoiesis)
5. Triglyceride storage
Support (FoB)
Provide a hard framework to protect the under-lying organs
Movement (FoB)
#NAME?
Mineral Storage (FoB)
#NAME?
Blood-cell formation, hemopoiesis (FoB)
#NAME?
Triglyceride sorage (FoB)
#NAME?
Structure of bones
#NAME?
Long Bone
Consist of
-diaphysis (shaft)
-ends called epiphyses
-some parts covered by articular cartilage (hyaline) and epiphyseal plate (cartilage) b/w the diaphysis and epiphysis
-have blood vessels and nerves
-medullary cavity is follow, filled with bone marrow
-outer membrane is periosteum
-inner membrane is the endosteum, cover medullary cavity
Flat Bone
#NAME?
Bone cells
#NAME?
Osteoblasts
#NAME?
Osteoclasts
#NAME?
Ossification and Development of the bone
#NAME?
Intramembranous ossification
#NAME?
Endochondral ossification**
#NAME?
Ossification of epiphyseal plate
-responsible for lengthening of bones, which continues until age 21
Bone fracture
#NAME?