Which one of the below is not a function of the respiratory system:
can alter the pH by changing oxygen levels.
The vestibule just inside each naris is lined by ________________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
The external nose is the visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face. The largest part of the external nose is composed of:
hyaline cartilage
The partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts is called the
nasal septum
Air is filtered as it moves through narrow curved channels in the nasal cavity called _______________ and the debris is trapped and moved towards the pharynx by _______________ epithelium.
meati, pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Which one of the cavities or ducts does not drain into or out of the nasal cavity?
provides an exchange site for O2 and CO2
Which one of the following structures is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
nasopharynx
The posterior surface of the nasopharynx contains the ___________ tonsils.
pharyngeal
The soft palate including the uvula closes off the ______________ when swallowing.
nasopharynx
The role of the vestibular and vocal folds in swallowing is to
prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx.
Laryngitis is an infection or inflammation of the mucosal epithelium of the
true vocal cords
In a normal conversation, Sally and Dawn who are of similar age, height and weight, speak at the same decibel level, but Sally's pitch is always higher than Dawn's. What might cause this difference?
Sally vibrates only the anterior parts of her true vocal cords while Dawn vibrates a greater length of her true vocal cords.
The largest laryngeal cartilage is the ___________ and the only elastic laryngeal cartilage is the _____________.
thyroid, epiglottis
Coughing will cause the trachealis muscle to
contract, which will narrow the diameter of the trachea.
The inferior larynx and trachea are lined by __________________ epithelium.
pseudostratified columnar
The carina forms a ridge, which is a radiologic landmark and physiologic landmark. The carina is the
the last area of the respiratory tree that can initiate a coughing reflex.
In the respiratory tree, that area where the C-shaped cartilages are replaced with cartilage plates and smooth muscle, which forms a layer between the cartilage and the mucous membrane, is the
secondary bronchi.
In an asthma attack the _________________ muscle in the ______________ contract.
smooth, terminal bronchioles
Ninety percent of the epithelium of the alveoli is
simple squamous
If the elastic fibers were removed from around the alveolar sacs, the lungs in normal breathing would lose most of their ability to
recoil so exhalation would be impeded.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoprotein molecules released by special cells in the alveoli called
Type II pneumocytes.
The pathway of oxygen from the alveoli across the respiratory membrane to the capillaries is
simple squamous - basement membrane of alveolus - interstitial space - basement membrane of capillary - simple squamous
The left and right lungs in humans do not contain the same number of lobes. The right lung contains _________ lobes while the left lung contains ________ lobes because
3, 2; the heart takes up space on the left side.
Two-thirds of the increase in thoracic cavity volume during inspiration is caused by
contraction of the diaphragm.
The muscles that are most active in expiration are the
internal intercostals
the lungs are found within two cavities called the
pleural and thoracic cavities.
The membrane that lines the inner thoracic cavity wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum is the
parietal pleura.
The space between the two lungs that houses the heart, trachea, esophagus and associated structures is called the
mediastinum.
Your vestibular and vocal cords close tightly, your abdominal muscles contract, and the muscles of expiration contract forcefully. You have just experienced the preparation for a(n)
cough reflex
Assume that the atmospheric pressure outside the body is 760 mm Hg. Assuming you are neither inhaling nor exhaling, the percent of gases in your alveoli is as follows:
N2 = 74.9%
O2 = 13.6%
CO2 = 5.3%
According to Dalton's Law, the partial pressure of oxy
104 mm
Carbon dioxide has a solubility coefficient 24 times higher than oxygen. This means that carbon dioxide
is 24 times more soluble in water than oxygen.
Type II pneumocytes of the alveoli produce a mixture of lipoproteins called
surfactant.
In premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease, surfactant is not produced in adequate quantities and a respirator may be required. This is because surfactant
decreases the surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli.
At the end of a normal respiration, the pleural pressure is negative 4 mm Hg and the alveolar pressure is 0 mm Hg. The lungs do not pull away from the pleural wall but create a suction effect. This suction effect ( -4 mm Hg) is caused by
elastic recoil of the lungs and surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli.
Pneumothorax is the introduction of air into the pleural cavity through an opening resulting from penetration trauma, such as that caused by a knife. As a result of air in the pleural cavity the lungs tend to
collapse
During a normal inspiration, the pleural pressure decreases to about negative 8 mm Hg and the alveolar pressure __________ to about __________ mm Hg relative to atmospheric pressure.
decreases, negative 1
Emphysema causes destruction of elastic lung tissue. As a result of emphysema, the elastic recoil of the lungs would ___________ and the compliance of the lungs would _____________.
decrease, increase
The amount of air inspired or expired in a normal inhalation or exhalation is called __________ and has a volume of about ____________ mL.
tidal volume, 500
The maximum amount of moveable air in the lungs is called ______________ and has a volume of about _____________mL.
vital capacity, 4600
You are exercising doing aerobics or a stair climber at your fitness center. As you increase to a high intensity of exercise, you would expect the tidal volume to ______________ and the frequency of respiration to _____________.
increase, increase
In a normal inspiration, the amount of air that is actually available for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is about ____________mL.
350
You went snorkeling for the first time and noticed that breathing through the tube was more labored than breathing without the tube. This labored breathing was caused by:
increase in dead air space
The formula for alveolar ventilation is:
VA = f(VT - VD)
Where:
VA = alveolar ventilation
f = respiratory rate
VT = tidal volume
VD = dead air space
A resting person has a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute. What is the person's alveolar ventilatio
4200 mL/min
Feedback:
In a resting person, the tidal volume (VT) is 500 mL and the dead air space (VD) is 150 mL. VA = 12 breaths/min (500 mL/breath (--) 150 mL/breath) = 12 breaths/min X 350 mL/breath = 4200 mL/min.
A resting individual has a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute. How much air is wasted (not involved in gas exchange) per minute?
1800 mL/min
A SCUBA diver who suddenly ascends to the surface from a great depth can develop decompression sickness or the bends in which bubbles of nitrogen gas form blocking blood flow through small vessels. This can be explained because nitrogen has a
low solubility coefficient but will diffuse into alveolar capillaries under high pressure.
Individuals with tuberculosis or pneumonia have difficulty breathing because
the thickness of the respiratory membrane is increased while the surface area is decreased.
Toxins that decrease the abundance of cilia in the respiratory tract tend to increase the
coughing reflex
After vigorous exercise, you increase your rate and depth of breathing. This will cause the
partial pressure differences for oxygen and carbon dioxide to increase across the respiratory membrane.
Deoxygenated blood from the bronchi and bronchioles mix with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins. This is called the
anatomical shunt.
The major factor, which normally affects regional blood flow in the lungs, is
gravity
Blood entering the lungs has a PO2 of 40 mm Hg while blood immediately leaving the lung capillaries has a PO2 of _______ mm Hg because it has reached equilibrium with the PO2 in the ____________.
104, alveoli
Arterial blood entering the tissues has a PO2 = 95 mm Hg and a PCO2 = 40 mm Hg. Venous blood leaving the tissues has a PO2 = _________ mm Hg and a PCO2 = __________ mm Hg.
40, 45
Approximately 98.5% of the oxygen transported in the blood is transported
attached to the heme in hemoglobin of red blood cells.
Approximately 70% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported
combined with H2O to form bicarbonate in the plasma.
According to the Bohr effect, as the pH of the blood declines, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin at any give PO2 also declines. This results from an increased production of ______ resulting in an increased production of _________.
carbon dioxide, carbonic acid.
In the lungs, as a result of CO2 diffusing into the alveoli, you would expect hemoglobin's ability to bind to oxygen to
increase
In carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, CO binds to the heme of hemoglobin much easier than oxygen. What effect will this have on the ability of the tissues to get oxygen?
Hemoglobin will bind to less oxygen, and hemoglobin will not release as much oxygen to the tissue.
People living at high altitudes have increased levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in their red blood cells. This high level of BPG will
bind to hemoglobin and increase the amount of oxygen available to the tissue.
People with anemias involving disorders of hemoglobin such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia are not getting enough oxygen to tissues. They have chemoreceptors in the walls of the large arteries going to the head that monitor oxygen concentration in t
Chemoreceptors only monitor dissolved oxygen in the blood and that remains unchanged in the anemias.
Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen binds more readily to carbon dioxide than hemoglobin that is highly saturated with oxygen. This is called
the Haldane effect.
Bicarbonate ions are produced in red blood cells and then diffuse across the membrane and travel in the blood dissolved in the plasma. Carrier molecules move bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane in exchange for ______ ions.
chloride
Which one of the following does not apply to fetal hemoglobin?
Fetal hemoglobin creates much more acid conditions in fetal tissues than maternal hemoglobin; this is called the double Bohr effect.
The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups make up the respiratory center and are located in the
medulla oblongata
The group in the respiratory center that is most active during inspiration is the
dorsal group
When stretch receptors are firing in the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs, you would expect
inhibition of the dorsal respiratory group and stimulation of the expiratory center of the ventral respiratory group.
Which of the following would be a collection of neurons in the pons, formerly called the pneumotaxic center, which switches between inspiration and expiration?
pontine respiratory group
Which of the following muscles is primarily stimulated by the dorsal respiratory group?
diaphragm
Which of the following muscles is (are) stimulated by the ventral respiratory group?
external intercostals and internal intercostals
A Type I diabetic whose insulin levels drop too low will produce metabolic acids that will lower the pH of the blood. You would expect the diabetic to
increase the respiratory rate.
A person holds his or her breath until he or she passes out. The person will resume breathing because a(n)
increase in carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH are detected by chemoreceptors in the walls of carotid and aortic arteries as well as chemoreceptors that detect changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. These chemoreceptors excite the inspiratory neurons
Chemoreceptors are located in the
walls of the carotid and aortic arteries and in the medulla oblongata.
Strong emotions can sometimes stimulate hyperventilation. The best treatment for hyperventilation is to
have the person breath into a bag.
A drop in PO2 has little effect on the respiratory centers until the arterial PO2 drops by about 40%. However, a 10% rise in arterial PCO2 will cause the respiratory rate to double. This can be explained because
hemoglobin carries great reserves of bound oxygen while PCO2 changes also cause changes in pH.
A decrease in oxygen in the tissues below normal levels is called
hypoxia
If exercise exceeds the anaerobic threshold, skeletal muscle will
produce and release lactic acid into blood.
When you are exercising, your rate of breathing increases because
the PCO2 levels increase and pH levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid drop.
After athletic training over a long period of time, your resting minute ventilation is
unchanged or slightly reduced
Which of the following is FALSE concerning respiration after fitness training?
Tidal volume at maximal exercise does not change.
Tidal volume at maximal exercise does not change.
A) Minute volume is greatly increased at maximal exercise.
B) Gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood increases at maximal exercise.
C) Minute volume is essentially unchanged at rest.
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following functions is not performed by the nasal cavity?
provides an exchange site for O2 and CO2