Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of this is to
store adipose tissue
Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of this is to
manufacture blood cells
One of the functions of bone is "electrolyte balance." Which of the following best represents this role?
Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed.
Which of the following best describes the role of a lacuna in a bone?
a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte
Cartilage grows by two mechanisms: interstitial growth and appositional growth. Which pair of terms best describes the two methods?
internal and on the surface
The shaft of a bone is known as the
diaphysis
The growth zone of a long bone is referred to as the
epiphyseal plate
A tissue that surrounds a long bone, made of a double layer of connective tissue, is referred to as the
periosteum
What type of bone tissue surrounds a medullary cavity?
spongy bone
Sharpey's fibers, located on the periphery of a bone, are
collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone
The lattice of spongy bone, consisting of plates, rods and spines, is called
trabeculae
The end of a long bone is referred to as the
epiphysis
Examples of bones that are "irregular" in shape are
vertebrae and some skull bones
Which of the following is a squamous epithelium that lines the medullary cavity of a bone to begin the formation of marrow?
endosteum
Passing through the periostum of bones are arteries, veins, and
nerves
Which of the following bones is considered to be flat?
phalanx
The epiphyseal plate is located in the
metaphysis
Once an endochondral bone has completed its ossification, the bone now has a ___________ where the old epiphyseal plate existed.
epiphyseal line
Bones are
cartilage
connective tissues
organs
In compact bone, the Haversian canals go the length of the bone. What are the connectors from one Haversian canal to another?
Volkmann's canals
Cancellous bone is often referred to as _____________ bone.
spongy
Cancellous bone has spaces within that are deigned for the housing of
marrow and blood vessels
An osteon (Haversian system) is actually
a Haversian canal and its lamellae
Since bone is a connective tissue, it has all the necessary features of a connective tissue including a matrix. What makes up the matrix of a bone?
collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite
If the collagen and minerals are removed from a bone, what happens to the bone?
it becomes soft and rubbery
Which of the following types of bone develops out of a non-cartilage connective tissue scaffold?
intramembranous
Bone cells that manufacture new bone are known as
osteoblasts
The center of an osteon is known as a Haversian canal. What passes through the center of the canal?
blood and nerves
The inorganic portion of a bone structure, made primarily of calcium phosphate crystals, is known as
hydroxyapatite
Which of the following types of cells puts calcium and phosphorus into bone as well as manufactures bone?
osteoblasts
Osteocytes must have the ability to receive nutrients from the blood and an ability to return wastes to the blood. Connectors between the osteocytes and the blood vessels are known as
canaliculi
Osteoclasts are active cells that tear down bone. They do this by secreting an enzyme that dissolves the collagen in the bone matrix. Which of the following is that enzyme?
acid phosphatase
In children and adolescents, what is the epiphyseal plate composed of?
hyaline cartilage
Normal formation of bone is known as osteogenesis. Another term for bone formation is
ossification
Osteoprogenitor cells
are stem cells that become osteoblasts
fontanel
In the skull of a newborn baby, the space between the developing skull bones is known as a(n)
Endochondral ossification begins at what age?
during fetal development
Endochondral ossification ends at what age?
adulthood
The bone formed by endochondral ossification is called _____________ bone.
replacement
Most of the peripheral skeleton of a 7-month-old fetus is primarily
cartilage tissue
The term "appositional growth" refers to bone growth that occurs
on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone
The epiphyseal plate is the zone of
new growth for endochondral ossification
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the bone grows longer is the zone of
hypotrophy
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chondrocytes mature and enlarge is the zone of
proliferation
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the cartilage matrix is mineralized with calcium carbonate is the zone of
calcification
Two of the primary hormones for bone growth and development are
human growth hormone and thyroid hormone.
Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of bones that belong to which class of bones?
flat bones of the clavicle and skull
Before the process of intramembranous ossification, which of the following type of tissue is found in the associated membranes of the skull and clavicles?
collagen fibers
The process of intramembranous ossification begins when?
during embryonic development
The type of cells that brings about intramembranous ossification are
osteoblasts
The development of the fontanel is brought about by
the unossified fibrous membranes in the skull
Woven bone is formed during which of the following situations?
fetal development and after fractures
Lamellar bone is bone that
is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layers
In regard to bone cell development, which of the following sequences is correct?
osteogenic ? osteoblasts ? osteocyte
When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following tears down bone?
osteoclasts
a 12 year old were to fracture their epiphyseal plate, the result of the damage could be that the bone
may stop growing at the plate
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of "bone remodeling"?
removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts
In the process of bone remodeling, old bone is removed by
osteoclasts
Following a bone fracture a callus builds around the fracture site. Callus is a
collection of blood vessels and collagen at the fracture site.
Which of the following fractures refers to a fracture of a bone in multiple pieces?
comminuted
Which of the following fractures is often referred to as being a "greenstick" fracture?
incomplete
Which of the following fractures goes all the way through a bone, but does not break it into multiple pieces?
complete
Which of the following fractures is a fracture of the distal radius and/or ulna?
Colle's
Which of the following fractures is a fracture in a bone already weakened by disease?
Pathologic
A spiral fracture of a bone most often is the result of a bone
that has been twisted
An injury that occurs to vertebrae when they are flattened is known as a
compression fracture
The term "calcium homeostasis" refers to which of the following?
balance of calcium between the blood and the bones
Which of the following glands plays a major role in calcium homeostasis?
parathyroid
If blood calcium levels decrease, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium out of bones and put it into the blood?
parathyroid hormone
If blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium from the blood and place in into the bones?
calcitonin
Calcitrol is a(n)
activated form of vitamin D.
The general function of calcitriol in relation to bone cell activity is that it
increases osteoclast activity.
In old age, most of the yellow bone marrow is replaced by
gelatinous bone marrow
Osteoporosis most often occurs in
older white women
Most of the calcium taken in with the diet that is not absorbed is
excreted in the feces
Which of the following represents a normal level of blood calcium in an adult?
9-11mgs
nsufficient vitamin D in a diet may result in a condition known as
rickets
Insufficient vitamin C in a diet may result in a condition known as
scurvy
A lack of vitamin D in the diet that may occur in adults with a digestive disorder is known as
osteomalacia
Which of the following diseases of bones is a loss of bone mass and density?
osteomyelitis
Which of the following bone disorders is a deadly bone tumor?
osteosarcoma
The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is
fractures
A developmental disorder in which the pituitary produces excess growth hormone and the patient grows abnormally large is known as
acromegaly
Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which very brittle bones are produced that result in many fractures?
osteogenesis imperfecta
Which of the following disorders is the result of low amounts of growth hormone production that results in a very small person?
pituitary dwarfism
Bone tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendon, and arteries. This type of extra bone growth is termed
ectopic
Which of the following diseases of bones results in a thickening of the bones of the skull and pelvis, most often occurring in males?
Paget's disease of bone
Which of the following combinations of treatments would be the most appropriate for treatment of osteoporosis?
walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perhaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy