What hinders today's communities to respond effectively to one's own problems?
Highly developed and centralized resources in our national institutions and organizations; continuing concentration of wealth and population in the largest metropolitan areas; rapid movement of information, resources, and people made possible by advanced
Top-down funding
a method of funding in which funds are transmitted from federal or state government to the local level
Governmental health agencies
health agencies that are part of the governmental structure (federal, state, or local) and that are funded primarily by tax dollars, each has authority over some geographic area-international, national, state, or local
World Health Organization
HQ in Geneva, Switzerland; most widely recognized international governmental health organization, six regional offices around the world
International D'Hygiene Publique
est. 1907, absorbed by the WHO
The Health Organization of the League of Nations
est. 1919, dissolved when the WHO was created
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
est. 1943, dissolved in 1946, work done today by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1950)
The United Nations Children's Fund
est. 1946, formerly known as the UN International Children''s Emergency Fund
The Pan American Health Organization
est. 1902, independent organization but is integrated with WHO in a regional office
World Health Organization's history
planning started when UN charter detailing the establishment of a health agency with wide powers adopted at an international meeting in 1945, constitution created and ratified in 1946 at the International Health Conference; constitution in action April 7,
World Health Day
April 7
Membership in the World Health Organization
Open to any nation that's ratified the WHO constitution and receives a majority vote of the World Health Assembly
World Health Assembly
a body of delegates of the member nations of the WHO, meets in annual general sessions+special sessions if needed, main jobs=approve the WHO program and budget for the next biennium along with make major policy questions
Administration of the WHO
director-general, deputy director general, and nine assistant directors-general
The primary objective of the WHO
the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health, see p. 36-37 for the 22 core functions to achieve this goal
How is the WHO financed?
By its member nations, each assessed according to ability to pay such that the wealthiest countries pay the most of the total budget
The WHO and smallpox
1967-smallpox active in 31 countries, 1979-World Health Assembly declared global eradication of smallpox, more than 40 million lives have been saved since
World Health Assembly's work with tobacco
May 21, 2003-World Health Assembly adopted the first global public health treaty to reduce tobacco-related deaths and diseases throughout the world
Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health
adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2004
What documents guide the current work of the WHO?
The 11th General Programme of Work and the UN Millennium Declaration (adopted at the Millennium Summit in 2003)
Millennium Declaration
Principles and values to govern international relations in the 21st century in peace, security, and disarmament; development and poverty eradication; protecting our common environment; human rights democracy, and good governance; protecting the vulnerable
Millennium Development Goals
eight goals to achieve the Millennium Declaration in the area of development and poverty eradication, focused on reducing poverty and hunger, tackling ill health, gender inequality, lack of education, lack of access to clean water, and environmental degra
Main challenges for achieving 2015 Millennium Development Goals
1. strengthenning health systems
2. ensuring health is recognized as a priority within development and economic policies
3. developing appropriate strategies to address the diverse needs of the countries
4. mobilizing more resources for health in the poor
Department of Health and Human Services
The primary national health agency in the US
Department of Agriculture
Inspects meat and dairy products and coordinates the Women, Infants, and Children food assistance program
Environmental Protection Agency
regulates hazardous wastes
Department of Labor
Houses the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which deals with workplace safety
Department of Commerce
Includes the Bureau of the Census, which deals with a lot of national data driving our nation's health programs
Department of Homeland Security
Deals with all aspects of terrorism in the U.S.
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Head of the Department of Health and Human Services, appointed by the president, member of the cabinet
Department of Health and Human Services' formation
1980 under President Jimmy Carter; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare divided into HHS and the Department of Education; largest department in the federal government; has a reserve fund from new revenue and savings proposals for funding health ca
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
$19 billion for health information technology, subsidies for those recently unemployed to maintain health insurance, and continued effectiveness research in health
New responsibilities for the HHS from Obama's 2010 healthcare reform
included implementation of new provisions to assist families and business owners in getting information to make the best choices for insurance coverage in a new market; working with states and additional partners to strengthen public programs like CHIP, M
Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act
Voluntary, self-funded long-term-care insurance option
Indian Health Care Improvement Act
Reauthorized in Obama's 2010 healthcare reform, modernized and improved health care services to Alaska Natives and American Indians
Administration on Aging
Principal agency of the HHS to carry out the Older Americans Act of 1965; tracks older people's needs, circumstances, etc.; develops policies, etc. to promote their welfare; offers adminster-granted programs to benefit older Americans and administers trai
Administration for Children and Families
Part of the HHS, direction and leadership for all federal programs for needy children and families, ex: Head Start
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Main US federal agency focused on evidence-based information on health care outcomes, quality, cost, use, and access research
Superfund legislation
Legislation enacted by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (1980) to deal with the cleanup of hazardous substances in the environment, created the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Evaluates information on hazardous substances released into the environment in order to assess the impact on public health; conducts and sponsors studies and other research related to hazardous substances and adverse human health effects; establishes and
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
focused on disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion/education activities to improve the health of Americans, analyzes disease trends, works to control communicable diseases, publishes epidemiological reports on lifestyle,
The Futures Initiative
Strategic planning process for the CDC, main health protectional goals are preparedness; health promotion and prevention of disease, injury, and disability; and healthy places;
Reorganized CDC to include an Offie of the Director, the National Institute fo
Food and Drug Administration
Focused on speeding up innovations to increase food/medicine effectiveness and safety; providing the public with reliable, science-based information needed to effectively use medicines and foods to improve health; regulating the production, marketing, and
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Originally the Health Care Financing Administration; oversees Medicare and the federal portion of Medicaid along with the related quality assurance activities; CHIP also their responsibility
Health Resources and Services Administration
Main primary health care service agency of the federal government that provides essential health care services access to patients who are low-income, uninsured, or living in areas with few health care resources; maintains the National Health Service Corps
Indian Health Service
Provides federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives as a provider and advocate of health care for them
National Institutes of Health
federal focal point for medical research in the US," research done at their labs in Bethesda but also at public and private universities and research institutions elsewhere, funding provided for research through competitive, peer-review grant application
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Main federal agency responsible for making that up-to-date information and state-of-the-art practice are effectively used to prevent/treat addictive and mental disorders, contains three centers: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Center for Substance A
Core functions of public health
Assessment of information on community's health, comprehensive public health policy development, and assurance of public health services being provided to the community
Ten essential public health services
Monitor health status to ID community health problems; diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community; inform, educate, and empower people about health issues; mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health prob
Hiring of the head of the state health department
Typically a medical doctor appointed by the governor carrying the title of director, commissioner, or secretary
Hiring middle/lower-level employees for the state health department
Usually through a merit system and likely they will lack influence on health department policy; usually trained as microbiologists, nurses, epidemiologists, etc.
Typical state health department divisions
Administration, Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Vital and Health Statistics, Environmental Health, Health Education or Promotion, Health Services, Maternal and Child Health, Mental Health, Occupational
State health department
Establish and promulgate health regulations with the force and effect of law throughout the state, act as a link between federal and local public health agencies, conduits for federal funds aimed at local health problems (receive funding as block grants--
Local health department
Local-level governmental health organizations, city/county government's responsibility, community health needs best served by a city health department in large metropolitan areas while smaller regions generally come under the jurisdiction of a country hea
Organization of local health departments
Headed by a health officer/commissioner/administrator (if not a physician, one is hired on a consulting basis for advice) who is appointed by a board of health, if can't afford full-time physician-administrator trained in public health is hired by the boa
Sliding scale
The scale used to determine the fee for services based on ability to pay, used by LHDs
coordinated school health program barriers
insufficient local administrative commitment, inadequately prepared teachers, too few school days to teach health in a school year, inadequate funding, the lack of credibility of health education as an academic subject, insufficient community/parental sup
Coordinated school health program
an organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote, and improve the health and well-being of students and staff to improve the student's ability to learn; includes comprehensive school health ed, school health services,
Three main components of a coordinated school health program
health education, healthy school environment, and health services
Quasi-governmental health organizations
Organizations that have some responsibilities assigned by the government but operate more like voluntary agencies; carry out some governmental tasks and get some funding legitimacy from the government-operate independently of government supervisionex: Ame
American Red Cross
Founded in 1881 by Clara Barton, quasi-governmental (official federal government designated responsibilities with voluntary contribution funding); provides natural disaster relief, acts as a liaison between members of the active armed forces and their fam
International Committee for the Relief to the Wounded
Led by Henry Dunant, five Swiss men concerned about treatment for wounded during wartime, organized the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded Armies in the Field (first Geneva Convention, 1864) where they signed the Geneva
National Science Foundation
quasi-governmental, funding and promotion of scientific research and development of individual scientists; receives and disperses federal funds but operates without governmental supervision
National Academy of Sciences
Advises the government on questions of science and technology
Nongovernmental health agencies
Funded by private donations or membership dues, generally operate free from governmental interference provided that they meet International Revenue Service guidelines regarding specific tax status; types=voluntary, professional, philanthropic, service, so
Voluntary health agencies
Nonprofit organizations created by concerned citizens to deal with a health need not met by governmental health agencies, exist at three levels (national, state, local)
State level of voluntary health agencies
Link national headquarters with local offices, coordinating local efforts and making sure that policies created at the national headquarters are carried out; training services for employees and volunteers of local-level offices
Local level of voluntary health agencies
Managed by a paid staff hired by the state-level office or a local board of directors; local volunteers work under each agency's manager; professional (trained in a medical profession) and lay (no training) volunteers
Four main objectives of voluntary health agencies
to raise money to fund their programs (with most of the money going to fund research), to provide education both to professionals and to the public, to provide service to those individuals and families afflicted with the disease or health problem, to advo
Three largest voluntary agencies in the US
American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, and the American Lung Association
Professional health organizations
Composed of health professionals who have completed specialized education and training programs and have met the standards of registration, certification, or licensure for their respective fields; purpose: promote high standards of professional practice f
Philanthropic foundation
An endowed institution that donates money for the good of humankind; for community health-funds programs and research on prevention, control, and treatment of many diseases; foundation directors sometimes with a review committee decide what gets funded; g
Service and social organizations
Group members enjoy social interactions with people of similar interests in addition to fulfilling the groups' purpose (service to others in their communities), some raise money to fund health-related programs
Religious organizations
Effective venue for health program promotion due to a history of volunteerism and preexisting reinforcement contingencies for volunteerism, influence over entire families, and accessible meeting-room facilities; solicitation of donations, donation of spac
Corporate involvement in community health
health care benefits, health-related programs at and away from the worksite, health promotion policies, state/local law enforcement of prohibitory laws regarding smoking, mandatory laws about safety belts, etc.