epidemiology (definition):
the study of the patterns, causes, & effects of health & disease conditions in defined populations
etiology (definition):
the study of causation, or origination
endemic (definition):
pertaining to a disease always present in a community
epidemic (definition):
pertaining to an outbreak in a community of a disease or a health-related behavior
pandemic (definition):
pertaining to a disease attacking the population of a very large area
t/f: choosing to eat wisely, regularly wearing a safety belt, & visiting the physician are example of public health activities.
-false
- "visiting the physician
t/f: Dr. Edward Jenner successfully demonstrated the process of vaccination as a protection against smallpox in the 20th century.
-false
-was during 18th century
t/f: A time of great growth in health care facilities and providers describes the spiritual era of public health.
-false
-middle ages
t/f: Leading causes of death in the United States today are communicable diseases.
-false
-chronic diseases
Is the leader in world health planning for the 21st century:
(WHO) World Health Organization
t/f: Funding that comes from the federal government to the state government is referred to as horizontal funding.
-false
-vertical
The Department of Health and Human Services is the _________ entity under the federal government that plays a role in our nation's health.
-primary
-is
not
the only one
t/f: The ability of the health care system to prevent, protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from health emergencies defines medical preparedness.
-true
_________ is responsible for carrying out the provisions of the Older Americans Act of 1965.
-AOA
-- Administration On Aging
School Health Programs:
-local program funded by Tax $
-catch everything early & when young
t/f: Voluntary health agencies are usually supported by paid staff & volunteers.
-true
-receives up to 25% of federal budget
Voluntary health agencies were created in _________.
-America
A primary care physician is concerned with the course of a disease in __________, while an epidemiologist is concerned with the course of disease in ___________.
-an individual
-a population
t/f: An expectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event in a particular population defines a pandemic.
-false
-epidemic
t/f: People afflicted with a disease are referred to as cases.
-true
t/f: An attack rate is an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak and is expressed as a percentage.
-true
t/f: The number of years of health life expected, on average, in a given population is the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
-false
-(HALE)= Health Adjusted Life Expectancy
Emerging Disease (definition):
- New disease or rapid increase of disease, in incidence or in geographical area
Examples of "Global diseases:
- HIV/AIDS, Ebola
t/f: Vital statistics are statistical summaries or records of major life events such a births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and infant deaths.
-true
-95% accuracy for making inferences
t/f: An epidemiological study aimed at testing hypotheses is a descriptive study.
-false
-Epidemiology is "population medicine" concerned with course of diseases in populations
Incidence (def.):
- # of
new
disease
Prevalence (def.):
- # of
existing
disease
World-wide leading causes of death:
-heart disease
-stroke
-influenza
-pneumonia
-COPD
-diarrheal disease
Notifiable Diseases (def.):
- infections/diseases in which health officials request & require recording
Leading causes of death in Adults:
-heart disease
-cancer
-chronic lower respiratory disease
-stroke
-alzheimer's
t/f: disease for which the reservoir resides in animal populations are called anthroponoses.
-false
-zoonoses
t/f: In the chain of infection, a disease-producing agent leaves its reservoir through a port of entry.
-false
-exit
t/f: In the communicable disease model, the cause of a disease or health problem is the hose.
-false
-agent
t/f: The center of the multicausation disease model is behavioral choices.
-false
-genetics
t/f: The ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host is pathogenicity.
-false
-infectivity
t/f: The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe is secondary prevention.
-true
Prevention:
-3 levels:
--1. forestall onset
--2. catch as early as possible
--3. rehab following significant pathogen
Intervention:
-effort to control disease in already in progress
Acute" disease:
-occurring for <3 months
Chronic" disease:
-occurring for >3 months
Acute-communicable-diseases: examples:
-cold
-pneumonia
Acute-non communicable-diseases: example:
-appendicitis
-poison
Chronic-communicable-diseases: examples:
-AIDS
-lyme disease
-TB
Chronic-non communicable-diseases: examples:
-diabetes
-coronary heart disease
-OA
-liver cirrhosis
t/f: Mammography for breast cancer is an example of primary prevention.
-false
-secondary -> b/c after disease is already present
Origins of "Communicable Disease:
-agent
-host
-environment
Criteria used to judge importance of disease:
- # of ppl who die from disease
- # of years of potential life lost
- economic costs associated w/ disease
Eradication (def.):
-total elimination of disease from human population
t/f: Factors or conditions in the environment that increase the risk of human injury, disease, or death are environmental hazards.
-true
t/f: A condition that occurs when warm air traps cooler air at the surface of the earth is greenhouse gases.
-false
-inversion
t/f: Agents, usually chemicals, that cause cancer are referred to as ozone.
-false
-carcinogens
t/f: The #1 cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers is secondhand smoke.
-false
-radon (eagles?)
Which is worse: [indoor] air or [outdoor] air??
-indoor
Criteria Pollutants" for Outdoor Air Pollutants:
-CO
-Pb
-NO2
-O3
-SO2
-particulate matter
Greenhouses gases:
-H2O vapor
-CO2
-methane
-NO
-O3
t/f: When causes of waterborne disease outbreaks are determined, the number one source is most often viruses.
-false
-bacteria
t/f: The number one source of most foodborne disease outbreaks is bacteria.
-false
-virus
Properties" of Hazardous waste:
-ignitability
-corrositivity
-reactivity
-toxicity
Indoor Air Pollutant:
-radon
-- comes from rocks & is radioactive
-- causes lung cancer
What is the #1 "vector-borne" disease in the US?
-Lyme Disease
t/f: The current #1 method of disposal of municipal solid waste is combustion.
-false
-that's #2
-Landfill is #1
Skin Cancer: pneumonic:
-"ABCD"
-Asymmetrical
-Borders
-Color
-Diameter
# of deaths world-wide from waterborne disease:
-1.5 Million
Amount of world population with
NO
access to supply of safe drinking water:
-1/7
Point-source:
-traced to single source
Nonpoint-source:
-run off, seepage
-(can't be traced to single source)
Amount of the earth's H20 that is available for human use:
- 0.003%
Waste-Water Treatment:
-1. sedimentation tank, sludge
-2. clarified
-3. filtration, disinfection
Cooking to what temperature kills most things?
-160 degrees
#1 m/c foodborne disease:
-Norovirus
#2 m/c foodborne disease:
-Salmonella
Clean Water Act:
-watershed
-rivers
-lakes
Safe Drinking Water Act:
-what we consume
-"potable" H2O is safest for consumption
RCRA:
-solid waste
-Resource Conservation & Recovery Act
-combine with EPA for proper -> treatment, storage, & disposal