Health
- the state of complete mental, physical and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity: WHO, 1947
-a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a pers
community health
the health status of a defined group of people and the interactions and conditions to protect and improve the health of the community.
Health education
any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire information and skills needed to make quality health decisions.
Health promotion
any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities.
disease prevention
the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress.
public health
the science and the art of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research of disease and injury prevention.
global health
health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
Population health
the health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or locality and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
coordinated school health program
an organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote, and improve the health and well-being of students and staff, thus improving a student's ability to learn. It includes but is not limited to, comprehensive school health
wellness
an approach to health that focuses on balancing the many aspects, or dimensions, of a person's life through increasing the adoption of health-enhancing conditions and behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions of illness
Health education is an emerging profession
neither a discipline or profession but somewhere in between.
Discipline
a field of study
profession
a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation or the sociological construct for an occupation that has special status
characteristics of a profession
prolonged training
accredited institutions
specialized knowledge and expertise
standards of practice
autonomy
serving social value
code of ethics
Characteristics of health education/ promotion
not in agreement of time
no required institution and requirements of entry
synthesized from other disciplines
standards of practice
emerging autonomy
serving social value
code of ethics
professional
one that is a professional; especially one that engages in a pursuit or activity professionally
Health educator
a professionally prepared individual who serves in a variety of roles and is specifically trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the heal
Health education specialist
someone having completed the education and/ or training requirements currently associated with professionally prepared
epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.
rate
is a measure of some event, disease, or condition in relation to a unit of population, along with some specification of time; types: crude, adjusted, specific
life expectancy
at birth, at age 65 and 75
YPLL
years of potential life lost
DALYs
disability-adjusted life years
HALE
health-adjusted life expectancy
QOL
quality of life
HRQOL
health-related quality of life
risk factors
those inherited, environmental and behavioral influences which are known/thought to increase the likelihood of physical or mental problems
Modifiable risk factors
changeable/controllable
-lifestyle, diet, exercise
Non modifiable risk factors
nonchangeable/ noncontrollable
-genetics, ethnicity, family, sex
participation principle
active involvement
ownership principle
responsibility for
socio-ecological approaches
behavior is influenced by several environmental dimensions
population-based approaches
group approaches
advocacy principle
alter public opinion
health advocacy
bring about change related to health
epowerment
gaining control over own life
culturally competent
work effectively with other cultures
endemic
occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
epidemic
an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event in a population
pandemic
an outbreak over a wide geographical area, such as a contenent
prevention
the planning for and the measures taken to forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem before the occurrence of undesireable health events
primary prevention
preventive measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogensesis period; before disease
ex. wearing seatbelt, using gloves, immunization against specific disease
Secondary prevention
the preventive measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or an injury to limit disability and prevent more serious pathogenesis
ex. personal and clinical screenings and exams such as blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and
Tertiary prevention
health education specialist at this level works to retrain, reeducate, and rehabilitate the individual who has already incurred disability, impairment, or dependency
ex. educating after lung cancer surgery, working with diabetes patient to insure daily do
chain of infection model
pathogen->human reservoir-> portal of exit-> transmission-> portal of entry-> establishment of disease
Early humans
learned form observation, trial, and error
-knowledge transformed rules or taboos for a society
-knowledge passed from one generation to the next
-Disease and death were puzzling; caused by magic or malevolent spirits
- to prevent disease and death, sacri
Egyptians (300-1500 B.C)
-primitive medicine due in part PRIEST-Physicians
- known for personal cleanliness
-Hebrews around (1500 B.C.) extended the Egyptian hygienic thought and wrote world's first hygienic code in the biblical book of Leviticus
Greeks (100-400) B.C.
-1st to put emphasis on disease prevention
-religion important role but more defined role of physician and more scientific view of medicine emerged
-balance among physical, mental , and spiritual (theology)
-Asclepius god of medicine had 2 daughters: Hygi
Romans (500 B.c. 500 A.D.)
-accepted many ideas of Greek (disease prevention) including those related to health and medicine
-emphasis on community health (sewer and aqueduct)
-appreciation for hygiene and had system of public and private baths
-developed FIRST HOSPITAL
-public med
Renaissance
Water casting- diagnosing a patients condition by examining urine
barbers did surgeries and dentistry
Enlightenement
miasmas theory- disease from vapors
james Lind discovered scurvy
Edwerd jenner vaccine for small pox
1800
bacteriological period of PH
Social Security Act of 1935
provided support for state health departments and their programs.
- beginning of federal government's involvement in social issues
Hill Birtun Act/ National Hospital Survey and Construction Act 1946
-Distribution and quality of hospitals
What is healthy people
planning tool for public health professionals at all levels
-first published 1979; importance of lifestyle; shift from traditional medical model toward lifestyle and environmental strategies that emphasized prevention
what is healthy people 2010
released December 2010 topic areas expanded to 38
Philosophy
statement summarizing the attitudes, principle, beliefs, values, and concepts held by an individual or group; ask questions to discover what lies beneath the surface
philidoxy
literally the love of opinion, letting opinion define reality; reject possible alternative explanations
philosophy of symmetry
health has physical, emotional, spiritual, and social components; all of equal importance
holistic philosophy
a man is essentially a unified integrated organism
wellness philosophy
always a positive quality, is visualized as the integration of spiritual, intellectual, physical, emotional, environmental, and social dimensions of health to form a whole "healthy person
behavior change philosophy
-focuses on modifying unhealthy habits
cognitive based philosophy
focuses on the acquisition of content and factual information
decision-making philosophy
emphasizes critical thinking and lifelong learning
freeing/functioning philosophy
focuses on freeing people to make best health decision for them on their needs and interests, not necessarily for society
social change philosophy
emphasizes creating social, economic, and political change that benefits health of individuals and groups
eclectic philosophy
focuses on an adapting approach that is appropriate for setting
theory
a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations
ex. social cognitive theory
concept
primary elements of theories
ex. personal beliefs
consturct
a concept developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory
es. perceived benefit
variable
the operational form of a construct
ex. on a scale of 1-10, how important is health to you?
model
is a composite, a mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of theories and used together
ex. Health belief model
Health belief model
-developed by a group of psychologists in 1950 to help explain why people used or did not use health service
-addresses the individual's perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem, the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the
Planning models
models serve as frames from which to build; structure and organization for the planning process; many models; many have common elements but may have different labels; no perfect model
-comprehensive health education model; model for health education plann
A professional prepared individual trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities is known as
Health educator
Which of the following steps is generally found in most planning models
needs assesment
The use of the DTP vaccine is an example of which level of prevention
Primary prevention
The Health field concept divides the health field into four elements. the 4 elements are
Human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organizations
Epidemiology is
the study of thee distribution of and determinants of disease in a specific population
The... is the earliest written record concerning public health
Code of Hammurabi
The Greek physician credited as being the first epidemiologist and the father of modern medicine was
Hippocrates
Water Casting" was a
means of diagnosing a patient's condition by examining the urine for changes in color
Public Health reform in the United States was stimulated by the landmark "Report on the Sanitary Commissions of Massachusetts" written by
Lemuel Shattuck
Which act provided for support for the state health departments and their programs, including the development of sanitary facilities and improvements in maternal and child health
Social Security Act
In the United States, the fist major recognition of the importance of lifestyle in promoting health and well-being came in the form of a government publication titled
Healthy People
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
expands healthcare to millions of uninsured Americans
A philosophy that is synchronous means the philosophical viewpoint a person holds is applicable only
at home, at school, in the workplace, and at play
The health education philosophy that uses behavioral contracts, self monitoring, and goal setting to try and foster a modification in an unhealthy habit is
Behavior Change Philosophy
A health education program that focuses on developing coalitions for the purpose of advocating for a smoke-free bar and restaurant ordinance would most likely be based upon which philosophy
Social Change Philosophy
The primary elements of a theory are
concepts
In the health belief model the threat of disease is made up of
perceived susceptibility and severity
The main reason health education specialists should plan and use programs based upon theory is
it improves the chances for a successful program
According to the... the constructs of information, motivation, and behavioral skills are fundamental determinants of preventative behavior.
Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model
T/F a person's age is considered a modifiable risk factor for disease
False, a person's age is unmodifiable
T/F many health education/promotion students choose to work in the public health setting because it provides an opportunity to serve the community
True
T/F The cognitive-based philosophy is the philosophy most often preferred by the health education practitioners
FALSE
T/F Theories and models are constant, once developed they seldom change
False
T/F All of the planning models include assessing the needs as one of the primary planning tasks
True
T/F No matter what health promotion program is being offered, it should be well grounded in theory
True
Ethics
the study of morality; the study of good and bad, right and wrong, of duty and obligation, and of reasoning and choices; one of the 3 major areas of philosophy
Professional ethics
actions that are right and wrong in the workplace and are of public matter. Professional moral principles are not statements of taste or preference/ they tell practitioners what they ought to do and what they ought not to do
-it is expected of professiona
morality
the activity of making choices and of deciding, judging, justifying, and defending those actions or behaviors called moral
-sets standards for right and wrong in human behavior
steps in the ethical decision making
1. Define the problem, identify the ethical issues, ans seek answers to relevant questions
2. identify who will be affected by the decisions
3. Contemplate ultimate goals and ideals of a moral person
4. Identify alternatives (viable courses of action)
5.
Teology
looking at the consequences; the end does justify the means
-evaluate the moral status of an act by the goodness of the consequences
Deontological (formalism or non-consequentialism)
looking at the act; the end does not justify the means
-claim that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, without regard for their consequences
HIPAA and basic principles
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
-protect health information in all forms
-Anonymity- no one can relate a participant's identity
-Confidentiality- exists when only those responsible for conducting a program can link information
Number of major areas of philosophy
3
1. Ethics- study of morality
2. Epistemology- the study of knowledge
3. metaphysics- study of nature of reality
quality assurance
the planned and systematic activities necessary to provide adequate confidence that the product or service will meet given requirements
Credentialing
the means by which professions such as health education/promotion demonstrate quality assurance;
*The process whereby an individual or a professional preparation program meets specific standards established by a credentialing body and is thus recognized f
Accreditation
the process by which a recognized professional body evaluates an entire college or university professional preparation program
Licensure
the process by which an agency or government (state) grants permission to individuals to practice a given profession by certifying that those licensed have attained specific standards of competence
Certification
a process by which a professional organization grants recognition to an individual who, upon completion of a competency-based curriculum, can demonstrate a predetermined standard of performance
Who was responsible for role delineation/ establishing certification for health education specialists
Helen Cleary. president of SOPHE
CUP
Competencies Update Project
1998 3 person steering committee: Gary Gilmore, Allison Taub, Larry Olsen
* purpose was to determine the degree which the initial role of entry-level was still valid and to continue to development of advanced-level responsibili
7 major responsibilities of a health educator
1. Asses needs, assets, and capacity of health education
2. Plan Health education
3. Implement health education
4. conduct evaluation and research related to health education
5. Administer and manage health education
6. Serve as a Health education resourc
Hierarchy of competency
7 responsibilities
39 competencies
223 sub-competencies
162 entry-level sub-competencies
61 advanced-level sub-competences
primary data
data collected by self (needs assesment)
secondary data
preexisting data used by a health education specialist in a needs assesment
tertiary data
third of credibility as source often includes bibliography
4 major settings where health educators work
Schools, health care, public/community health, worksites
places that influence positive health-related changes with youth
schools
difference between voluntary health agencies and government agencies
voluntary- created by concerned citizens to deal with needs not met by government agencies; rely on volunteer help and donations (ACS, ALA
PH agencies- usually financed by tax monies; do for people as whole what individuals can't do for self (police)
vision of healthy people healthy communities
the health of the individual is almost inseparable form the health of the larger community, and that the health of every community in every sate and territory determine the overall halth status of the nation
What are the health care settings that hire most health educators
HMO
-Kaiser
Networking
establishing and maintaining contacts
identify a variety of nontraditional settings in which health education specialists may be employed
-sales related to health and fitness: health insurance, pharmaceutical, fitness,health and med equipment, health related books and materials
-communication areas: publishing, media; TV, and newspapers; health related web sites
-unique opportunities: teach