What is Descriptive epidemiology?
It is the careful recording of data concerning a disease
What is Experimental epidemiology?
Involves testing a hypothesis resulting from analytical studies concerning the cause of a disease.
What are the Descriptive Studies categories?
- Who (or person): Age, sex, ethnic, race,
socioeconomic status
- When (or time): Time of day, week, month, season, year, decades; incubation period
- Where (or place): Country, state, county, street, urban or rural, domestic or foreign, institutional or
What is a Epidemic curve?
A graphic display of the cases of a disease according to the time or date of onset.
(Image is an example!!!)
What is the Point source epidemic curve?
An epidemic curve depicting a distribution of cases which all can be traced to a single source
What is a Propagated epidemic curve?
An epidemic curve depicting a distribution of cases traceable to multiple sources of exposure
(Image is an example!!!)
What is the objective of Analytical epidemiology?
Seeks to determine the probable cause of a disease, its mode of transmission, and possible means of prevention.
What are the types of studies used in analytical epidemiology?
� Retrospective studies
� Cross-sectional studies
� Prospective studies - Cohort
What is a Cross-sectional study?
It is a single Point in Time
What is the purpose of Analytical Studies?
Testing of hypotheses about relationships
between health problems and possible risk factors
What are the two types of Analytical Studies?
Observational and experimental studies
What is a Case/control study (retrospective)?
one that seeks to compare those diagnosed with a disease with those who do not have the disease for prior exposure to specific risk factors
What is a Cohort study (prospective study)?
Long term studies and are expensive.
One in which a cohort is classified by exposure to one or more specific risk factors and observed to determine the rates at which disease develops in each group
What is an Odds ratio?
A probability statement about the association between a particular disease & specific risk factor resulting from a case/control study.
Odds ratio (OR) = ratio of odds of event occurring in exposed vs. unexposed group
What is Relative risk?
A statement of the relationship between the risk of acquiring a disease when a specific risk factor is present and the risk of acquiring that same disease when the risk factor is absent
What is a placebo?
A blank treatment and should be double blinded.
Review the list of Notifiable diseases.
Define Health.
A dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional in nature and results from an individuals successful adaptations to his or her environment.
What is at the center of the Multicausation Disease Model?
Center is Genetic Endowment - Individuals are in the center. You will have the traits you are born with. They have an impact on your health status.
How is your Genetic Endowment influenced according to the Multicausation Disease Model?
By your personality, beliefs, attitudes and behavioral choices
What are the External factors that influence an individuals level of health?
� Environment
� Physical
� Chemical
� Biological
� Social
� Air Pollution
What is the chiropractic spectrum of health?
What is the ACC Chiropractic Paradigm?
What is the purpose of chiropractic?
Optimize health & Wellness care
Define wellness.
- The process of achieving the best health possible given ones genetic make-up by pursuing an optimal level of function
- Wellness care requires active patient participation and collaboration between patient and doctor
Define Wellness care and Chiropractic?
- Since its inception chiropractic has been based on an active care model that recognizes that disease has a multi-factorial etiology and emphasizes wellness
- Philosophy of chiropractic is actually more aligned with the idea of wellness care whereas allo
What is the process to applying wellness in a chiropractic office?
� Evaluation and Assessment of the patient
� Information/Education of the patient
� Intervention/Monitoring of the patient
� Monitoring/Ongoing reassessment of the patient
� Integration with other health care resources
Define prevention.
The planning for and taking of action to prevent or forestall the occurrence of an undesirable event. In this case the prevention of diseases.
What are the three levels of prevention?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
KNOW DEFINITIONS AND BE ABLE TO PROVIDE EXAMPLE FOR EXAM!!!
What is Primary prevention and provide some examples?
The forestalling of the onset of illness or injury during the pathogenesis period.
Staying a step Ahead.
Examples: Diet, Exercise, Sleep, etc
What is Secondary prevention and provide some examples?
The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe
Examples:
a. Health screenings
b. Early detection
c. Early intervention
Blood Pressure Screening, Mammograms, Prostate Screening, Pap sm
What is Tertiary prevention and provide some examples?
The retraining, re-education and rehabilitation of the patient who has already incurred a disability.
Examples: Retraining, rehabilitating, etc.
What is Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)?
Prepared by the CDC & reports cases of notifiable diseases in the U.S.; also includes articles on other public health problems
What organizations conduct national health surveys?
NCHS (National center for health statistics) or CDC
What are some of the well known national health surveys?
NHIS (National health interview survey) (questions about health)
NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey )(health & nutritional status using mobile van)
BRFSS & YRBSS (behavior risk factors) (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System)
NHCS