culture
a group's way of life, including the shared set of meanings and symbolic practices; transmitted between definitions; "learned behavior
society
a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
ethnic group
used to refer to a group that shares a language, customs, and a common heritage; has an identity as a separate group of people within the region where they live
culture trait
single elements of normal practice in culture; include beliefs, institutions, language, and technology
ex: silence, private space, touching, hand gestures, eye contact, greetings
culture realm
a group of culture regions that share a common culture system
innovation
refers to the use of existing technology to create something new
(cultural) diffusion
the process of spreading an idea or an innovation from one area to another
barriers to diffusion
distance, physical environment, lack of acceptance or resistance to change
cultural hearth
a region where cultural traits such as religion and agriculture develop
acculturation
occurs when a society changes as it comes into contact with a dominant culture
culture region
an area that shares common culture traits
culture complex
an interrelated web of culture traits that are characteristic of a group
popular culture
commercial- for sale, dependent on global environment/resources, industrialized/high technology/high energy, higher impact on environment
folk culture
dependent upon local environment/resources, subsistence- for own use, non-industrialized, low technology/low energy, lower impact on environment
assimilation
a process whereby a minority group gradually gives up its own culture and adopts the culture of a majority group
globalization
acceleration of economic interaction among the peoples, companies, and governments of different countries
dialect
reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes
monotheistic
a belief in one god
polytheistic
a belief in many gods
animistic
(traditional) a belief in a supernatural power
religions
consists of a belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators and maintainers of the universe/ three major: monotheistic, polytheistic, and animistic
language families
related to their prehistoric origin, 50% of the world's population speak Indo-European languages
pidgin
a simplified version of one language, used for informal exchanges between cultures who do not know each other's language
creole
occurs when pidgin is used enough to become a primary language
ex: Swahili in East Africa
lingua franca
third language adopted by people from different groups who cannot speak each other's languages. also known as the language of international trade
ex: English, Spanish, Chinese
language diffusion
language spreads when speakers move and carry their language, ex: European exploration and colonization beginning in 1500
groups are dominated and adopt the new language
ex: European languages replaced Native American languages in North America
universalizing religion
see themselves as being for all and seek converts
ethnic religion
practiced by people within one cultural group
judaism
1st, oldest religion
origin: Southwest Asia
diffusion: Jewish Diaspora took place in the 1st century, return to Israel in 20th century
christianity
2nd
origin: Southwest Asia
diffusion of: to to Europe when adopted as official religion of Romans. taken to European countries when adopted as official religion of Roman
islam
3rd
origin: Arabian Peninsula 600's AD
diffusion of: by conquest, trade, seeking converts
Hinduism
4th
origin: South Asia
diffusion of: not spread out of South Asia in great numbers, relocation due to British rule
Buddhism
5th
origin: South Asia
diffusion of: taken to East Asia along trade routes
Sikhism
6th
origin: punjab region of India
diffusion of: beginning 1900's to the US and Canada to work as laborers and farmers then later as professionals
birthrate
number of live births per thousand population
population pyramid
a graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population
baby boom" generation
between 1946-1965 (after World War ll) when a lot of babies are born
fertility rate
shows the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime
mortality rate
(death rate) the number of deaths per thousand people
infant mortality rate
the number of deaths among infants under age one per thousand live births
rate of natural increase
(population growth rate) rate at which population is growing
population density
the average number of people who live in a measurable area, total is reached by dividing the number of inhabitants in an area by the total amount of land they occupy
about 6.9 billion
current world population
push factors
those that cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to another region
ex: environmental conditions, drought, other natural disasters, political factors, war
pull factors
draw or attract people to another location
ex: countries with good economic opportunities and high salaries, favorable climate
immigration
to come to a country of which one is not a native
emigration
to leave one country or region to settle in another
megacity
a city having a population of 10 million or more
ex: Dallas
habitable lands
*fertile soil, good climate, water source
2/3 of the world's population life in zones 20 N-60 N, suitable climates and vegetation for lots of people, good for agriculture
factors of fertility
economic, religion, kid factor (makes manly/ a strong woman, values), political (1 child law in China)
population growth and economic development
hit 1 billion in the early 1800's, world industrialized= more people, better food, improved sanitation, population went way up, more woman hit childbearing age, the number of children increases population
Thomas Malthus
wrote essay- had 2 main points- 1. food is necessary to survive/ 2. passion between sexes is necessary and constant, he believed the population would run out of food eventually, population growth (1,2,4,8)/ food growth (1,2,3,4) his solution: laws that li
Jihad (tradition) vs. McWorld (popular)
hang onto tradition, don't globalize
demographic momentum
occurs when the population continues to increase despite the reduced reproduction rates
doubling time
amount of time is take the population to double
j-curve
when the population goes up
starts at 1.5 billion in 1900 then goes up to 6 billion in 2000
s-curve
levels out, more people working, not as many people are having babies
positive correlation
both variables (ex: BR and DR) going in the same direction
ex: BR going up and DR going up
negative correlation
when variables go in opposite directions
ex: economic development goes up, BR goes down
demographic transition model
pyramid of stages (5 stages)
India, China, Africa
growth rates in different parts of the world
______- stage 3, _______- stage 4, _________- most growth (stage 2-3)