Which of the following statements about Russia is Correct?
Russia is about twice the size of Canada in land area
Which Russian city, having several geographic advantages, was at the center of the great Russian Empire and first rose to prominence under the rule of Ivan the Terrible?
Moscow
Under communist control, which of the following statements about the Soviet economic framework was correct?
Agriculture was organized into huge state-run collectives, and private farms were taken away from farmers
Which of the following statements best describes Russia's political geography?
Russia has chosen to adopt a federal system of government to accommodate their great economic and cultural diversity
Which region of the Russian Core is the location of a cast storehouse of metallic mineral resources?
THe Urals Region
The Trans-Siberian Railroad connects Moscow in the west with which end-point city in eastern Russia?
Vladivostok
Which of the following is not a Russian Federal District?
Southwest
The large expanse of land east of the Urals is known for its vast coniferous forests that stretch from the Artic Lowland and cross Siberia. The Russians have given this area its own word for the vegetation that grows in this region. That term, meaning "sl
Taiga
Which RUssian river flows through a major industrial region and plays a similar role to that of the Rhine River in Europe?
Volga River
Czar Nicholas II, the last Russian czar, was overthrown in what year?
1917
Which Russian Federal District has the most people?
Central
Heartland Theory is associated with
Mackinder
The Kremlin can be found in what city?
Moscow
The Kamchatka Peninsula borders what body of water?
Pacific Ocean
Nagorno-Karabakh has been at the center of an unresolved conflict between which two countries?
Armenia and Azerbaijan
Europe may be described as:
Both physically and culturally diverse
In mainland Europe, a belt of major coalfields extends from east to west, roughly along the margins of the North European Lowland. Which major industrial area is NOT built upon these major coal fields?
Catalonia
Which of the following statements would you say best describes Europe's population?
It is mostly urban and there are relatively few children
Which of the following statements about the European Union (EU) is correct?
Most member countries began using the same currency in 2002.
Which European country is often described as two countries, the progressive north with a core area centered in the Po River basin, and a sharply contrasting stagnant south?
Italy
Which of the following cities is a candidate for the capital of the European Union?
Strasbourg
Which large member of the EU has not adopted the Euro as its currency?
United Kingdom
Europe is well known for "the production of particular goods by particular people in particular places." This feature of the European economy is known as:
Local Functional Specialization
Great Britain's natural resources of coal allowed it to prosper during the early states of the Industrial Revolution. Which cities were beneficiaries of being situated right about major coal fields?
Newcastle & Glasgow
What tiny island was devastated during World War II but now has a thriving tourist industry and became an EU member in 2004?
Malta
Which of the following cities is included as one of Four Motors of Europe?
Barcelona
Within the Alpine Sub-region, this primate city is known for its art and architecture, is the mainland Core's easternmost city, and is the largest city in the Alpine subregion. THis description identifies:
Vienna
Which of the following is an example of centripetal force?
A strong and popular political leader
Which sub-region of Great Britain is noted for its long conflict between Protestants and Catholics?
Northern Ireland
Along with Moldova, which country, with a population dominated by Muslims, is Europes poorest?
Albania
Transition Zone
� An area of spatial change where peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions join
� Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp break) in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring realms
� Ex. Mexico & United States
Functional/formal regions
Formal Region
� Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena
� Also called uniform region or homogeneous region
� Sameness
� Ex. Corn Belt and Megalopolis
Functional Region
� A region marked less by its sameness than its dynamic internal structure
� A spatial system focused on a central core
� A region formed by a set of places and their functional integration
� Also called a nodal region
� Ex. LA, Metropolitan Area
Climograph
� The geographic study of climates. Includes not only the classification of climates and the analysis of their regional distribution, but also broader environmental questions that concern climate change, interrelationships with sol and vegetation, and human-climate interaction.
Relative/absolute location
Absolute Location
� Position or place of a certain item on the surface of the earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0 degrees to 90 degrees North or South of the equator, and longitude, 0 degree to 180 degrees east or west of the prime meridian passing through Greenwich, England
Relative Location
� The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect relative location
Realms/Regions
Realms
� Based on Spatial Criteria (We establish)
� Largest geographic units into which the inhabited world can be divided
� Based on both physical (natural) and human (cultural) yardsticks
� Result of the interaction between human societies and natural environments
� Functional interaction
� Revealed by farms, mines, fishing ports, transport routes, dams, bridges, villages, and other features on the landscape
� The most comprehensive and encompassing definition of the great clusters of humankind in the world today
� Geographic realms change over time
Regions
� Areas of the earth's surface marked by certain properties
� Scientific devices that enable us to make spatial generalizations
� Based on criteria we establish
� Criteria can be
� Human
� Physical
� Or Both
� All regions have: Area, Boundaries, Location
Wegener/Pangaea
� 1915: Wrote a single supercontinent named Pangaea, meaning "all land"
� Portrayed the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of continents to their present position
� Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges
� Glacial Evidence
� His hypothesis of continental drift set the stage for scientists in other disciplines to search for a mechanism that might make this possible
� Much of the answer to that search proved to lie in the crust beneath the ocean surface
Age of Earth
� 4.6 billion years old
� Volcano's, recycling - which don't keep the old rocks
� Erosion happens
Climate
� The long-term conditions
� Over at least 30 years
� Aggregate weather over a region
� Summarized by averages and measures of variability: a synthesis of the succession of weather events we have learned to expect at any given location
Koppen
� Average monthly temperature/precipitation
� 5 Classes
� (A) Humid and tropical
� (B) Dry Arid and Semiarid
� (C) Mild and Humid Mesothermal
� (D) Seasonal Heat and Cold Microthermal
� (E) Frigid at and near the poles
Taxonomy
� A system of scientific classification
� A system of scientific classification
Hinterland
� Land left behind where work goes on
� Crops, oil
� Country behind
� Term that applies to a surrounding area served by an urban center
� The center is the focus of goods and services produced for its hinderland and is its dominant urban influences
� In a port city the hinterland includes the inland area whose trade flows through the port
Core
� To the heart, or focus
� Nation-State is constituted by the national heartland, the largest population cluster, the most productive region, and the part of the country with the greatest centrality and accessibility
� Probably containing the capital city as well
Primate City
� A country's largest city - ranking atop the urban hierarchy - most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well
� Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center - more than twice the size
� Ex. Paris, London, Athens
World's Population
� 6.8-6.9 Billion people
2nd Agrarian Revolution
� Port cities and capital cities thrived and expanded
� Growing markets created economic opportunities for farmers
� Led to revolutionary changes in land ownership and agricultural methods
� Improved farm practices, better equipment, superior storage facilities, and more efficient transport to the urban markets marked a revolution in the countryside
� Market prices rose which drew more and more farmers into the economy
� Population increase
� Began in Europe in 1750's
� Based on new agricultural innovations
Industrial Revolution
� Developed in the UK between 1750-1850
� Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry
� Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization
� Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe
� Excess, growing more crops, selling business
� Horses and wagons led to railroad
� Working long hours
� Pollution, overcrowded
Most of the population of Russia is found?
Moscow
Continentality
� Larger the area the more the middle is farther from the ocean
� The variation of the continental effect on air temperatures in the interior portions of the world's landmasses
� The greater the distance from the moderating influence of an ocean the greater the extreme in summer and winter temperatures
� Continental interiors also tend to be dry when the distance from oceanic moisture sources becomes considerable
Taiga
� Largest forest system in the world
� The subarctic, mostly coniferous snow forest that blankets northern Russia and Canada
� Coniferous: A forest of cone-bearing, needle leaf evergreen trees with straight trunks and short branches, including spruce, fir, and pine
� South of the tundra
� Largest in the world
Forward Capital
� Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory
� Usually near an international border, confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region
� Ex. Islamabad, Pakistan : Brazil, South America (environmentalist)
� St. Petersburg before Moscow was a forward capital
Permafrost
� Permanently frozen water in the near-surface soil and bedrock of cold environments, producing the effect of completely frozen ground. Surface can thaw during brief warm season.
Centripetal/centrifugal forces
Centripetal Forces
� Forces that unite and bind a country together
� A strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and common faith
Centrifugal Forces
� Refer to forces that tend to divide a country
� Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
Subduction
� In plate tectonics, the process that occurs when an oceanic plate converges head-on with a plate carrying a continental landmass at its leading edge. The lighter continental place overrides the denser oceanic plate and pushes it downward.
Tectonics
� Plates are bonded portions of the Earth's mantle and crust, averaging 100 kilometers (60 mi) in thickness. More than a dozen such plates exist, most continental proportions, and they are in motion. Where they meet on slides under the other crumpling the surface crust and producing significant volcanic and earthquake activity; a major mountain-building force.
Spatial Interaction
� Movement across geographic space
� Involves contact of people in tow or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
� 3 Principles
� Complementarity, Transferability, Intervening Opportunity
� Complementarity
� Two places, though an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other's demands
� One area has surplus of an item demanded by a second area
� Transferability
� The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at bearable cost
� Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road networks
� Advances in transportation technology
� Intervening Opportunity
� The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Spain/United Kingdom Dispute
� Over sliver of land at the southern tip of Iberia: legendary Gibraltar
� Spain gave "The Rock" to the British in 1713
� 30,000 odd residents are used to British institutions, legal rules, and schools
� Spanish government have demanded that Gibraltar be returned to Madrid's rule
� Colonies residents are against Spanish rule
� Under their 1969 constitution, Gibraltar have the right to vote on any transfer of authority over a territory
� British and Spanish are wanting to share the administration of Gibraltar for an indefinite time
� Both are EU members
� Advantages: economic slowdown caused by the ongoing dispute would ease, border checks lifted, EU benefits would flow
� Gibraltarian people want to put the issue to a referendum (final vote)
� Spain will not allow a referendum and matter is far from resolved
Central Business District
� The downtown heart of the central city; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings.
Island contested between Greece and Turkey
Cyprus
Chechen Republic Region
Muslim/Islam