Beneath which part of the United States is its largest aquifer, the Ogallala Aquifer, located?
The Great Plains
By 2070 it is estimated that Asians may total ________ of the U.S. population.
over 10%
During Phase 2 of migration to the United States (1820-1870), where did the majority of immigrants come from?
Ireland and Germany
During Phase 5 of migration to the United States (1970-present), where did the majority of immigrants come from?
Latin America and Asia
How long ago did Europeans begin occupying North America?
400 years ago
In which of the following eras in the Historical Evolution of the U.S. City did suburban growth get underway?
Automobile Era
In which region of the United States would one most likely find the Piedmont?
The Southeast
Quebec
came close to approving independence in a referendum in the late 1990s.
Situation in which people leave large cities and move to smaller towns and rural areas.
Counterurbanization
The creation of the Salton Sea was a result of
an accidental diversion of the Colorado River for an eighteen-month period that filled in the low-lying basin which the sea now occupies.
The international language of business is most often
English
The United States consumes about how many times as much oil as it produces?
twice
Today we find that in North America many of the key internationally connected corporate offices, industrial complexes, and entertainment facilities are located
in suburbs
What causes acid rain?
industrial and auto emissions
Which countries are members of the North American Free Trade Agreement?
Canada, Mexico, and United States
Which of the following cities is near an active volcano, and would suffer in the event of an eruption?
Seattle, Washington
Which of the following employment sectors is identified with manufacturing?
secondary
Which of the following is a source of water pollution in North America?
All of the above
Which of the following items "decisively shaped the evolution of the city in the United States"?
transportation
Which of the following North American regions is the transition zone between nearby flat lowlands and steep mountain slopes?
the Piedmont
A large urban region formed as multiple cities grow and merge with one another. The term is often appled to the string of cities in eastern North America tha includes Washington, D.C.; Baltimore; Philadelphia; New York City; and Boston.
Megalopolis
A process of urban revitalization in which higher-income residents displace lower-income residents in central city neighborhoods.
Gentrification
A simplified description (model) of urban land use: A well-defined central business district (CBD) is surrounded by circular zones of residential activity, with higher-income groups living on the urban periphery.
Concentric Zone Model
Harmful form of precipitation high in sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Caused by industrial and auto emissions and damages aquatic and forest ecosystems in regions such as eastern North America and Europe.
acid rain
The movement of people out of metropolitan areas toward smaller towns and rural areas.
counterurbanization
Please explain how California's largest lake, the Salton Sea, was formed and the problems associated with it.
The Salton Sea, a 35 mile long lake, located in the southeast corner of the state of California, resulted from a simple accident in 1905. An irrigation diversion project on the nearby Colorado River failed, and for 18 months the rivr's entire drainage flo
Boreal Forest
A coniferous forest found in a high latitude or mountainous environment in the Northern Hemisphere
Connectivity
The degree to which different locations are linked with one another through transportation and communication infrastructure
Cultural assimilation
A process in which immigrants are culturally absorbed into the larger host society
Ethnicity
A shared cultural identity held by a group of people with a common background or history often as a minority group within a larger society
Federal State
nations that allocate considerable political power to units of government beneath the national level
Group of Eight (G8)
A collection of powerful countries: US Canada Japan Great Britain Germany France Italy and Russia that confers regularly on key global economical and political issues
Location factor
The various influences that explain why an economic activity takes place where it does
Outsourcing
A business practice that transfers portions of a company's production and service activities to lower cost settings, usually overseas
Prairie
An extensive area of grassland in North America. In the more humid eastern portions, grasses are usually longer than in the drier western areas; which are in the rain shadow of the mountainous Rocky Mountains
Sectoral transformation
The evolution of a labor force from being highly dependent on the primary sector to being oriented around the more employment in the secondary, teritary, and quaternary sectors
Spanglish
A hybrid combination of English and Spanish spoken by Hispanic Americans
Tundra
An arctic region with a short growing season in which vegetation is limited to low shrubs, grasses, and flowering herbs
Unitary State
A political system in which power is centralized at the national level
Urban Realms Model
A simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. Features a number of dispersed peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activities linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Formed as an outgrowth of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995 a large collection of member states dedicated to reducing global barriers to trade
A system wherein peasants farm small plots of land for their own subsistence is referred to as
minifundia
By what name are planned industrial cities known?
growth poles
El Nino
can cause both heavy rains and severe drought
How far did Mexico City sink in the 1900s?
30 feet
How many residents does a city need in its metropolitan area to qualify as a megacity?
10 million
In what two countries of Latin America is the altiplano located?
Bolivia and Peru
Latifundia
are a legacy of the encomienda system.
Mexico City's environmental problems were made worse by
government and industrial denial of pollution problems in the Valley of Mexico.
Over the last 30 years, approximately what percentage of the Brazilian Amazon has been destroyed?
15%
The predominant language in Latin America, based on the number of people who speak it as a first language.
Spanish
Urban Primacy occurs when
a country has a city three to four times larger than any other city in the country.
What are the two largest cities in Latin America?
Mexico City and Sao Paulo
What goal did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
Divided South America between Spain and Portugal
What is Aconcagua?
It is the highest peak in the Western Hemisphere
What is import substitution
a policy that encourages domestic industry by imposing high tariffs on all imports
What is the major reason for the preference for urban life in Latin America?
Under the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal, people in living in cities had higher social status and greater economic opportunity.
What was the key to survival of Amerindians in Latin America?
land
Which Amerindian group lived in the Valley of Mexico, the site of modern day Mexico City?
Aztec
Which country in Latin America has the highest life expectancy in the region?
Costa Rica
Which European country had a territorial conflict with Argentina over the Falkland Islands?
The United Kingdom
A person of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Latin America.
Mestizo
A small Latin American landholding farmed by peasants or tenants who produce food for subsistence and the market.
minifundia
An economic strategy in which a country adopts, in whole or in part, the U.S. dollar as its official currency.
dollarization
Settlements located in the outer ring of the Latin American City Model where many of the urban poor live in the self-built housing on land that does not belong to them.
squatter
The term for blended religions that blend different belief systems. In Latin America, many animist practices were folded into Christian worship.
syncretic
1) Define the term "dollarization".
2) List two specific Latin American countries that underwent dollarization
3) Explain the preventive measures that some of these countries are taking to avoid problems associated with this phenomenon.
Dollarization is a process by which a country adopts, in whole or in part, the U.S. dollar as its official currency. It has affected Ecuador who dollarized in 2000 to address the dual problems of currency devaluation and hyperinflation rates and El Salvad
Altiplano
The largest intermontane plateau in the Andes, which straddles Peru and Bolivia and ranges in elevation from 10,000-13,000 feet
Agrarian Reform
A popular but controversial strategy to redistribute land to peasant farmers. Throughout the 20th century, various states redistributed land from large estates or granted title from vast public lands in order to reallocate resources to the poor and stimul
Central American Free Trade Association
A trade agreement between the United States and Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Republic to reduce tariffs and increase trade between member countries
Dependency Theory
A popular theory to explain patterns of economic development in Latin America. Its central premise is that underdevelopment was created by the expansion of European capitalism into the region that served to develop "core" countries in Europe and to impove
El Nino
An abnormally large warm current that appears off the coast of Ecuador and Peru in December. During an El Nino year, torrential rains can bring devastating floods along the Pacific coast and drought conditions in the interior continents of the Americas
Grassification
The conversion of tropical forest into pasture for cattle ranching. Typically, this process involves introducing species of grasses and cattle, mostly from Africa
Informal Sector
A much-debated concept that presupposes a dual economic system consisting of formal and informal sectors. The informal sector includes self employed, low wage jobs that are usually unregulated and untaxed.
Maquiladora
Assembly plants on the Mexican border built by foreign capital. Most of their products are exported to the United States
mercosur
The Southern Common Market, established in 1991, which calls for free trade among member states and common external tariffs for nonmember states. Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay are members; Chile is an associate member
neoliberalism
economic policies widely adopted in the 1990's that stress privatization, export production, and few restrictions on imports
neotropics
Tropical ecosystem of the Americas that evolved in relative isolation and support diverse and unique flora and fauna
Organization of American States (OAS)
Founded in 1948 and headquartered in Washington, D.C. an organization that advocates hemispheric cooperation and dialog. Most states in the Americas, except Cuba, belong to the OAS
Remittance
Monies sent by immigrants working abroad to family members and communities in countries of origin.. For many countries in the developing world, remittances often amount to billions of dollars each year. For small countries, remittances can equal 5-10 perc
Shield
A large upland area of very old exposed rocks. Shields range in elevation from 600-5,000 feet. The three major shields in South America are the Guiana, Brazilian, and Patagonian
Subnational Organization
Groups that form along ethnic, ideological, or territorial lines that can induce serious internal divisions within a state
supranational organization
Governing bodies that include several states, such as trade organizations, and often involve a loss of some state powers to achieve organizational goals
Urban Primacy
A state in which a disproportionately large city (for example, London, New York, Bangkok) dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life.
According to our textbook, the World Bank holds that ________ percent of Haiti's urban population has access to improved water sources.
50%
As of 2001, how many Free Trade Zones were there in the Dominican Republic?
16
By the middle 1800s, when most colonial governments began to free slaves, Caribbean governments sought indentured laborers from which of the following regions?
South and Southeastern Asia
Creolization refers to
the historical blending of African and European cultures.
From which of the following places did the indentured workers of Suriname come?
South Asia and Java
In 1983 the U.S. military invaded
Grenada
In which part of the Caribbean is the forest cover largely intact?
Rimland states
Maroon societies were composed of which of the following groups of people?
runaway slaves
Offshore banking in the Caribbean
has been closely tied with the international drug trade
Over the last 40 years, which of the countries below has led the Caribbean in its percentage of highly educated women?
Cuba
The Santeria religion is most common
in Cuba
What is meant by "indentured labor"?
workers contracted to work on estates for a set period of time
What is the rimland of the Caribbean?
the coastal zone of the mainland, beginning with Belize and extending along the coast of Central America to northern South America
What was the name of the initiative designed to launch rapid industrialization in Puerto Rico?
Operation Bootstrap
Which American president was responsible for the construction of the Panama Canal?
Theodore Roosevelt
Which element of plantation life was missing from the Caribbean?
labor
Which of the following best describes the Caribbean diaspora?
the economic flight of Caribbean people across the globe
Which of the following Caribbean nations experienced U.S. and OAS intervention in 1994 so as to restore President Aristide?
Haiti
Which of the following Caribbean nations was the site of the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion?
Cuba
Which of the following is a Caribbean island that is disputed between the United States and Haiti?
Navassa
A duty-free and tax-exempt industrial zone created to attract foreign corporations and create industrial jobs. The creation of these has made the Caribbean an increasingly attractive location to assemble goods for North American consumers.
Free Trade Zone
Agriculture based upon a single crop (such as sugar).
mono-crop production
Eduction is expensive for Caribbean nations, but it is considered essential for development. Ironically, many states express frustration about training professionals for the benefit of developed countries in a phenomenon called _____ _____. (Migration of
brain drain
Money sent by immigrants to their country of orign to support family members left behind. For many countries, these are a principal source of foreign exchange.
remittances
The blending of African, European, and even some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique sociocultural system found in the Caribbean.
Creolization
What are maroon societies and how do they provide a strong reflection of African roots in the Caribbean today?
Communities of runaway slaves, termed maroons, offer the most interesting examples of African cultural diffusion across the Atlantic. Hidden settlements of escaped slaves existed wherever slavery was practiced. Many of these settlements were short-lived.
African Diaspora
The forced removal of Africans from their native area
Brain Gain
The potential of return migrants to contribute to the social and economic development of a home country with the experiences they have gained abroad
capital leakage
The gap between the gross receipts an industry (such as tourism) brings into a developing area and the amount of capital retained
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
A regional trade organization established in 1972 that includes former English colonies as its members
creolization
The blending of African, European, and some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique sociocultural systems found in the Caribbean
Greater Antilles
The four large Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico
isolated proximity
A concept that explores the contradictory position of the Caribbean states, which are physically close to North America and economically dependent upon that region but also have strong loyalties to locality and limited economic opportunity
lesser antilles
The arc of small Caribbean islands from St. Maarten to Trinidad
Monroe Doctrine
A proclamation issued by US President James Monroe in 1823 that the United States would not tolerate European military action in the Western Hemisphere. Focused on the Caribbean as a strategic area, the doctrine was repeatedly invoked to justify US politi
neocolonialism
Economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly (sometimes directly) extend their influence over other, weaker states.
plantation America
A cultural region that extends from midway up the coast of Brazil, through the Guianas and the Caribbean, and into the southeastern United States. In this coastal zone, European-owned plantations, worked by African laborers, produced agricultural products
A person who has fled from a conflict, but who still resides in his or her country of origin is known as
internally displaced person (IDP)
European colonization was effective throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, with one exception. What was that exception?
Ethiopia
In Sub-Saharan Africa, when do most women marry?
When they are teenagers
In which of the following Sub-Saharan African countries is tropical deforestation the most prevalent?
Madagascar
Indigenous African religions are generally placed in which of the following categories?
Animist
Much of Sub-Saharan Africa's oil reserves are found
along the coastal plains and continental shelves of West and Central Africa.
On average, for Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, life expectancy at birth is around
45
One of the major problems regarding available drugs to treat the symptoms of the numerous HIV/AIDS infections found in Sub-Saharan Africa is that
in most instances the drugs are too expensive for the general population in the region.
Sub-Saharan Africa
has a young population in comparison with western countries.
The demise of apartheid in South Africa
culminated with a decision by the majority white party to hold free elections.
The purpose of the Berlin Conference was
to divide up the African continent among various European colonial interests.
To what do many people attribute many of Africa's civil conflicts?
the ill-conceived territorial divisions crafted at the Berlin Conference
What are homelands?
nominally independent ethnic territories created for blacks under apartheid
What is the Great Escarpment?
a landform that rims southern Africa from Angola to South Africa
What is the policy regarding the sale of ivory?
A worldwide ban on ivory sales was imposed in 1989, then in the late 1990s the ban was lifted to allow some southern African states to sell down their inventories of ivory confiscated from poachers, and now only limited sales are permitted.
What was apartheid?
the policy of racial separateness in South Africa
Where does African ivory come from?
elephants
Which of the following best describes biofuels as they are used in many African countries?
wood and charcoal used for household energy needs in many African countries
Which of the following countries lies farthest west?
mauritania
Which of the following is Sub-Saharan Africa's largest city?
Lagos, Nigeria
A fly that is a vector for a parasite that causes sleeping sickness, a disease that especially affects humans and livestock of Sub-Saharan Africa.
tsetse
A state where corruption is so institutionalized that politicians and bureaucrats siphon off a huge percentage of a country's wealth.
kleptocracy
Also called "slash and burn" agriculture. A form of cultivation in which forested or brushy plots are cleared of vegetation, burned, and then planted to crops, only to be abandoned a few years later as soil fertility declines.
swidden
Nomadic and sedentary peoples who rely upon livestock (especially cattle, camels, sheep, and goats) for sustenance and livelihood. African _____ typically graze their stock on the stubble of harvested fields during the dry season and then move them to dri
pastoralist
The semidesert region at the southern fringe of the Sahara, and the countries that fall within this region, which extensd from Senegal to Sudan. Droughts in the 1970's and early 1980's caused widespread famine and dislocation of population.
Sahel
What factors explain the large family size of Sub-Saharan Africa?
In Sub-Saharan Africa a combination of cultural practices, rural lifestyles, and economic realities encourage large families. Throughout the region large families guarantee a family's lineage and status. Even now most women marry young, typically when the
African Union (AU)
A mostly political body that has tried to resolve regional conflicts
Clan
A social unit that is typically smaller than a tribe or an ethnic group but larger than a family, based on supposed descent from a common ancestor
coloured
A racial category used throughout South Africa to define people of mixed European and African ancestry
desertification
the spread of desert conditions into semiarid areas due to improper management of the land
genocide
The deliberate and systematic killing of a racial, political, or cultural group by a state
Horn of Africa
The northeastern corner of Sub-Saharan Africa that includes the states of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. Drought, famine, and ethnic warfare in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in political turmoil in this area
Millennium Development Goals
A program of the United Nations, in collaboration with the World Bank, that aims to reduce extreme poverty by focusing resources on improving basic education, health care, and access to clean water in developing countries.
Refugee
A person who flees his or her country because of a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, ideology or political affiliation
Structural adjustment program
Controversial yet widely implemented programs used to reduce government spending, encourage the private sector, and refinance foreign debt.
Transhumance
A form of pastoralism in which animals are taken to high altitude pastures during the summer months and returned to low altitude pastures during the winter
tribalism
Allegiance to a particular tribe or ethnic group rather than to the nation-state. Tribalism is often blamed for internal conflict in Sub-Saharan states
tribe
A group of families or clans with a common kinship, language, and definable territory but not an organized state