Major Climates of the Realms
A - Tropical
B - Dry
C - Temperate
D - Cold
E - Polar
H - Highland
Major Rivers of Africa
Niger
Congo
Nile
Zambezi
Orange
Major Deserts of Africa
Sahara
Libyan
Namib
Kalihari
Danakil
Hottest Place on Earth
Danakil
Major Diseases of Africa
Malaria
Yellow fever
Eastern equine and syphilitics
West Nile
European Countries Colonialism in Africa
Great Britain
Portugal
France
Germany
Spain
Belgium
Italy
Destabilization of Africa
War Lords Overthrowing Government
- participants of the cold war, US backed Egypt for awhile
- Post colonialism
Physiography of Africa
Riff Valleys - getting deeper along the east side of Africa, think it will snap off like Madagascar
Destinations of Slave Trade
British North America
Spanish America
British Caribbean
Danish Caribbean
French Caribbean
Dutch Caribbean
Brazil
Arabia
Most Populated City in Africa
Lagos - 13 Million
Two Landlocked States of Africa
Chad
Mali
Level of National Infrastructure
Subsaharan Africa is the weakest link in the international economy
in early 1990s 12 countries joined in the southern African development community to facilitate regional commerce, inter-country transport networks and political interaction
Countries that surround Lake Victoria
Uganda
Kenya
Tanzania
Apartheid
Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s.
Sir Thomas Malthus
Author of Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
1. War
2. Disease
3. pestilence
4. Famine
Miracle Grains
Miracle Rice
Miracle Wheat
Require a lot of fertilizers to make them produce great yields or crops
Migration Trends from Rural to Urban Centers in Africa
The bulk of African migration takes place within the continent, as people circulate within Africa, looking for economic opportunities
LDC
Lesser Developed Country
MDC
More Developed Countries
Greatest Warriors in Africa
Zulu
Population of India
1.3 Billion
Regional Population Issues in India
22% of world population on three percent of the landmass
Major Mountains in South Asia
Himalyas
Karakoram
River Systems of South Asia
Indus
Ganges
Brahmaputra
Monsoon
winter are cold and usually dry
summers are hot and very wet
Hindu-Kush
Hindu Kush is a 500 mile mountain range that stretches near the Afghan-Pakistan border
Lesser Mountain Ranges of India
Eastern and Western Ghats
Mauryan Empire
A geographically extensive Iron Age historical power founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between 322 BCE and 187 BCE. Extending into the kingdom of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the eastern side of the Indian subcontinent,
Five Mega Cities of South Asia
- Mumbai
- Calcutta
- Delhi
- Karachi
- Halderbad
Pakistan
A country in South Asia. It is the fifth-most populous country with a population exceeding 209,970,000 people
the site of several ancient cultures, including the Mehrgarh of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and was later home to
Kashmir
Area in great dispute, Pakistan and India both claim it
Federal System of India
a "Union of States"
distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the Union or Federal or Central government, and the States
Caste System
divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras (highest to lowest)
Bangladesh
the world's eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong, which has the country's largest port.
forms the largest and easternmost part of the Bengal region.
include people from a range of ethnic groups and re
Sikh v. Hindu
Extreme Sect of Hindu Religion
Calcutta
the capital of India's West Bengal state. Founded as an East India Company trading post, it was India's capital under the British Raj from 1773-1911. Today it's known for its grand colonial architecture, art galleries and cultural festivals. It's also hom
Universal Language
refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. English is said to be this globally. in india there are arguments for hindu. sanskrit was the written language of india
Natural Hazards
Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslides, hurricanes etc.
Jharkand - Bihar
a state in eastern India, carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. suffers from resource curse; It accounts for more than 40% of the mineral resources of India, but it suffers widespread poverty as 39.1 per cent of the population is b
West Bengal
a state in eastern India, between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Its capital, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), retains architectural and cultural remnants of its past as an East India Company trading post and capital of the British Raj.
Orissa
an eastern Indian state on the Bay of Bengal, is known for its tribal cultures and its many ancient Hindu temples. The capital, Bhubaneswar, is home to hundreds of temples, notably the intricately-carved Mukteshvara. The Lingaraj Temple complex, dating to
Madhya Pradesh
a large state in central India, retains landmarks from eras throughout Indian history. Begun in the 10th century, its Hindu and Jain temples at Khajuraho are renowned for their carvings of erotic scenes, most prominently Kandariya Mahadeva, a temple with
Mountainous North of India
These three mountain ranges lie parallel to each other in the north-western part of India, most of its area lying in the state of Jammu and Kashmir as its capital Srinagar, too. Some of the highest mountains on earth are found in the region. Many rivers c
Wallace's Line
a faunal boundary line drawn in 1859 by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and named by Thomas Henry Huxley, that separates the ecozones of Asia and Wallacea, a transitional zone between Asia and Australia. Flora do not follow the Wallace Line t
Outback
the colloquial name for the vast, unpopulated and mainly arid areas that comprise Australia's interior and remote coasts. The Red Centre, in the Northern Territory, exemplifies this. Its gateway is the isolated town of Alice Springs and its landmarks incl
Aboriginal Population
650,000
Immigration Policies
Began when the ancestors of Australian Aborigines arrived on the continent via the islands of Maritime Southeast Asia and New Guinea.
Permanent European settlement began in 1788 with the establishment of a British penal colony in New South Wales. From ear
Austral
southern, often in reference to the Southern Hemisphere.
Great Sandy Desert
an interim Australian bioregion, located in the North West of Western Australia straddling the Pilbara and southern Kimberley regions. It is the second largest desert in Australia after the Great Victoria Desert and encompasses an area of 284,993 square k
Great Victoria Desert
the largest desert in Australia and consists of many small sandhills, grassland plains, areas with a closely packed surface of pebbles (called desert pavement or gibber plains) and salt lakes.
Major Cities of Australia
Sydney.
Melbourne.
Brisbane.
Perth.
Adelaide.
Seas of Australia
Coral Sea
Arafura Sea
Tasman Sea
Timor Sea
States of Australia
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
South Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania
Alice Springs
dead center of australia
Dead Center" of Australia
Alice Springs
Ayers Rock
Also known as Uluru
a massive sandstone monolith in the heart of the Northern Territory's arid "Red Centre".
Mineral Types
Australia is the world's leading producer of bauxite,ilmenite, iron ore, rutile and zircon; the second largest producer of gold, lead, lithium, manganese ore and zinc; the third largest producer of uranium; the fourth largest producer of black coal (also
Aboriginal Land Issues
the ongoing struggle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of lands and waters they called home prior to colonisation of Australia in 1788
Environmental Degradation
In many areas, Australia's temperate zones and coastal ecosystems have been extensively altered, many wetlands have been degraded. Climate change, and introduced plants and animals (invasives), are the agents of the radical changes that are tearing throug
New Zealand
a country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean consisting of 2 main islands, both marked by volcanoes and glaciation.
Its relationship with Australia, which is also referred to as Trans-Tasman relations ("relations across the Tasman Sea"), are extremely clos
North and South Islands
Characteristics of the North Island
- It has three times the number of people compared to the South Island.
- It is the home of the cosmopolitan cities of Auckland and Wellington.
- It is rich in Maori culture (Rotorua is one place to experience this).
-
Great Warriors of New Zealand
Maoris
Marine Geography of the Pacific Realm
The Pacific Realm is made up of a huge expanse of ocean with a relatively small amount of land area in the form of islands.
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zones - a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.
Two Types of Seas
Territorial
High
Hugo Grotius
Father of International Law, 1609
Mare Liberum - Freedom of the Seas
No one nation should control these common waters
Cannon Shot Rule
Established territorial seas. 3 nautical miles, based on how far a cannon could shoot
Regions of the Pacific
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
Types of Islands in the Pacific Rim
Low and High Island Cultures
Maritime Boundaries
a conceptual division of the Earth's water surface areas using physiographic or geopolitical criteria. As such, it usually bounds areas of exclusive national rights over mineral and biological resources, encompassing maritime features, limits and zones.
Features of Continental Shevles
Slopes and Rises
Abyssal Floor of Plain
UNCLOS III
United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
Antarctica
Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.
Countries with First Tier Management Responsibilities
Australia
Argentina
Chile
Great Britain
France
Norway
New Zealand
Lake Vostok
5400 square miles
a 2,000 foot deep lake that is covered entirely by the ice of the continent
Cornelius van Bynkershoek
1709
cannon shot rule
How much coastline does the US have?
12,000 miles of coastline, 650,000 square miles to the 100 fathom isobath
How many acres of out continental shelf does the US have
853 million acres
History of the US's territorial sea
the US maintained a three nautical mile territorial sea until 1966, when congress added a 9 nm Contiguous Zone. In 1991 under President Regan, the territorial sea became permanently established at 12 nm.
Truman Proclamation
Sept. 29, 1945, Harry issues two proclamations or executive orders, these were national policy to be followed with respect to natural resources of the marine subsoil to the depth of 100 fathoms.
Primary interest was in oil reserves for the Navy. Resources
Federalism vs. State's Rights
Historical Events:
1896 - first offshore drilling in CA. levied taxes on submerged lands assumption of state's ownership.
1937 - Congressional resolution for Feds to own offshore lands, solidified in 1944. National defense argument. LWM to 3 nm.
1945 - si
The Court's Reasoning (continental shelf)
Based on legal concepts of Imperium (control) versus Dominion (ownership). Imperium - national defense and international relations. Used the equal footing doctrine. court found that the states had no rights.
Equal Footing Doctrine
a concept that when a state was admitted to the Union, it had the same legal rights as the original thirteen colonies.
Submerged Lands Act of 1953
Gave states legal rights to lands beneath navigable waters to 3 nm. Concession by congress. Texas and West Coast of Florida given 3 marine leagues or 10.2 sm.
Outer Continental Shelves Land Act of 1953
formalizes Truman Proclamation, established bottom rights for the Fed from 3nm to 100 fathom isobath. Secretary of the Interior is responsible, was not to affect fishing rights or rights of passage or navigation.
Galveston
in 1969 Texas tried unsuccessfully to use this as a basis of measurement for the three marine leagues
1958 Geneva Convention of the High Seas
200 meter isobath or where technologically feasible. shelf feature must be contiguous to the adjacent coastal state
Magnuson Fisheries Conservation Management Act of 1977
200 mile exclusive economic zone, all fisheries under US control
Legal Concept of Islands
1) Islands can belong to a nation
2) Terra Nullius - land that belongs to nobody, undiscovered island, claimable
3) Terra Communis - belongs to everyone
In order to own an island...
it needs effective and continuous occupation
U.K. vs Iceland
Iceland's (D) claim to a 12-mile fisheries limit was recognized by the United Kingdom (P) in 1961 in return for Iceland's (D) agreement that any dispute concerning Icelandic fisheries jurisdiction beyond the 12-mile limit be referred to the International
Rockall Dispute
Several states have claimed interests over the sea bed adjoining Rockall. Denmark (for the Faroe Islands), Iceland, Ireland and the United Kingdom have all made submissions to the commission set up under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
U.K. vs Argentina - Falkland Isles
The British claim to sovereignty dates from 1690, and the United Kingdom has exercised de facto sovereignty over the archipelago almost continuously since 1833. Argentina has long disputed this claim, having been in control of the islands for a few years
Antarctic Treaty
18 states are present, 13 are active, open management regime
Krill
shrimp like organism is found in high numbers