Geography
is concerned with the analysis of the physical and human characteristics of Earth's surface from a spatial perspective
Human Geography
the spatial analysis of human population, its culture, activities and landscape.
Physical Geography
the spatial analysis of the structure, process and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
Environmental determinism
the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.
Possibilism
geographic viewpoint that hold that human hold decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development.
Culture
the body of customary beliefs (values), social forms (political institutions), and material artifacts that constitute.
Custom
the repetitive act of a group, preformed to the extent that becomes a characteristic of the group.
Habit
the repetitive act of an individual.
Material Artifacts
deals with the organization and interactions between people through (political) governmental, sports and social institutions.
Globalization
process that involves the while world thereby impacting everyone.
Acculturation
the modification of one culture as a result of the contact with a more dominant culture.
Folk Culture
traditional practices of a group often with little influence from the outside, usually found in small homogenous rural groups.
Local Culture
a group of people in a particular place who view themselves as a community, who share experiences, customs and traits and who preserve these in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves.
Popular Culture
practices influenced by the outside groups, usually found a large heterogeneous urban groups
Cultural Hearth
the location from which a belief, social, or material trait emerges.
Cultural Diffusion
movement of a cultural trait from one location to another - most often enough
Cultural Landscape
a unique landscape created by the interaction of a culture with a place and the available resources.
Food Taboos
dietary restrictions due to some negative force perceived in the environment.
Food Preference
dietary choices due to some positive force perceived in the environment.
Relocation diffusion
process in which the items are transmitted by their career agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones.
Expansion diffusion
the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination
Stimulus diffusion
a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaption is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place
Hierarchical diffusion
a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.
Contagious diffusion
the distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.
Formal region
a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena
Functional region
a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.
Population pyramids
visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group is represented horizontal bar the length of which represent is relationship to the total population
Migration
a change in residence intended to be permanent.
Forced migration
human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Voluntary migration
in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.
Chain migration
pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links.
Guest worker
legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term
Refugees
people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.
Placelessness
is the loss of of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.
Sequent occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each to the cumulative cultural landscape.
Life expectancy
a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.
Infant Mortality Rate
a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.
Push Factor
negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale.
Pull Factor
positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.
Immigration
the act of a person migrating into a new country or area.
Emigration
the act of a person migrating away to a new country or area.
Internal migration
human movement within a nation-state
External migration
the opposite of internal
Intervening Opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
Triangular Slave Trade
12,000,000 persons forcibly moved
slaves-molasses-trade goods
mortality rates 40-50% during passage
Quotas
established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year
Immigration Laws
laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
Brain Drain
emigration of skilled and
talented people from a country - primarily for economic reasons.
Dependency Ratio
number of people in non-working age groups that need to be supported by those in the working age group
Malthusian Theory
population growth increases at the geometric rate while food production increases at arithmetic rate maybe resulting in famine
Cornucopian Theory
through the collective action of many workers economies of scale can produce enough food to feed all, every worker has two hands
Boserupian Theory
through changes in the economy and technology increases in production will be able to produce enough food
Baby Boom
a period marked by greatly increased birth rates. Birth exceed 2 per 100
Crude Birth Rate
total number of live births per 1,000 population per year
Crude Death Rate
total number of deaths per 1,000 population per year
Natural Increase
the percent by which a population grows in a year excluding migration
Doubling Time
the number of the years it will take for a population to double in size at the current rate of natural increase
(natural increase as a percent and dividing by 70)
Population Density
a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
Five Themes of Geography
location, human environment, region, place, and movement
Location
the geographical situation of people and things
Human Environment
reciprocal relationship between humans and environment
Region
an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree or formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon
Place
uniqueness of a location
Movement
the mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet
Inter regional
between regions (NW/SW)
Intra regional
within a region (urban/rural)
Model of demographic transition
1) Low Growth
2) High Growth
3) Moderate Growth
4) Low Growth
Earth-science Tradition
analysis and description of distribution and processes within the physical environment:climate, landforms, plants and animals
People Environment Tradition
concerned with description and analysis of people and their relationship with the physical environment
Regional Analysis Tradition
analysis of the geographic features that define an area or a place
Spatial Analysis Tradition
analysis of distributions and locational relationships and interactions among places
Relative Location
references to a known place
Absolute Location
mathematical coordinates
Latitude
degrees north or south of the equator
Longitude
degrees east or west of the prime meridian
Site
the absolute geographic location, defensive location, or other physical characteristics
Situation
the relative geographic location, its place in relationship to the region and world around it
Toponym
place names
Density
the frequency with which something exists is a measured area- persons per square mile
Arithmetic density
total number of objects in a measured area
Physiological density
total number of persons per unit of arable land
Agricultural density
total number of farmers per unit of arable land
Concentration
the extent of objects spread over space
Clustered
concentrations in one area
Dispersed
spread out over an area
Geographic Scale
the spatial extent at which geographers attempt to see patterns of uniqueness and similarity
Map Scale
a formal statement of the relationship of map distance to Earth distance
Spatial Interaction
process by which places become increasingly interconnected through communication, transportation and trade
Space-time Compression
is the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place through transportation and communication
Ratio
1:63,360
Verbal Scale
one inch represents one mile
Graphic or Bar Scale
0_________1 mile
Map
two dimensional graphic representation of the Earth's surface or some portion of it
Location
where is something
Navigate
how do I get to somewhere
Measure
how big is something
Visualize
what is the distribution of something
Large Scale
little reduction of the Earth
Small Scale
high reduction of the Earth
Conformal
maintain angular relationships
Equal Area
maintain area relationships
Equidistant
maintain distance relationships
Compromise
compromises all properties
Nominal Map
are used to display the distribution of a phenomenon
Dot Density Map
used to display distribution, number and density of a phenomenon
Graduated Map
used to display the quantity of phenomena
Chorpleth Map
used to display averages, ratios, and densities of phenomena
Isoline Map
display continuous change using series of lines of equal value
Political
freedom of expression
Economic
available employment, freedom of market, freedom of taxation
Environmental
recreation, opportunities, benign climate
Geography
is concerned with the analysis of the physical and human characteristics of Earth's surface from a spatial perspective
Human Geography
the spatial analysis of human population, its culture, activities and landscape.
Physical Geography
the spatial analysis of the structure, process and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
Environmental determinism
the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.
Possibilism
geographic viewpoint that hold that human hold decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development.
Culture
the body of customary beliefs (values), social forms (political institutions), and material artifacts that constitute.
Custom
the repetitive act of a group, preformed to the extent that becomes a characteristic of the group.
Habit
the repetitive act of an individual.
Material Artifacts
deals with the organization and interactions between people through (political) governmental, sports and social institutions.
Globalization
process that involves the while world thereby impacting everyone.
Acculturation
the modification of one culture as a result of the contact with a more dominant culture.
Folk Culture
traditional practices of a group often with little influence from the outside, usually found in small homogenous rural groups.
Local Culture
a group of people in a particular place who view themselves as a community, who share experiences, customs and traits and who preserve these in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves.
Popular Culture
practices influenced by the outside groups, usually found a large heterogeneous urban groups
Cultural Hearth
the location from which a belief, social, or material trait emerges.
Cultural Diffusion
movement of a cultural trait from one location to another - most often enough
Cultural Landscape
a unique landscape created by the interaction of a culture with a place and the available resources.
Food Taboos
dietary restrictions due to some negative force perceived in the environment.
Food Preference
dietary choices due to some positive force perceived in the environment.
Relocation diffusion
process in which the items are transmitted by their career agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones.
Expansion diffusion
the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination
Stimulus diffusion
a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaption is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place
Hierarchical diffusion
a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.
Contagious diffusion
the distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.
Formal region
a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena
Functional region
a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.
Population pyramids
visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group is represented horizontal bar the length of which represent is relationship to the total population
Migration
a change in residence intended to be permanent.
Forced migration
human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Voluntary migration
in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.
Chain migration
pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links.
Guest worker
legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term
Refugees
people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.
Placelessness
is the loss of of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.
Sequent occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each to the cumulative cultural landscape.
Life expectancy
a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.
Infant Mortality Rate
a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.
Push Factor
negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale.
Pull Factor
positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.
Immigration
the act of a person migrating into a new country or area.
Emigration
the act of a person migrating away to a new country or area.
Internal migration
human movement within a nation-state
External migration
the opposite of internal
Intervening Opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
Triangular Slave Trade
12,000,000 persons forcibly moved
slaves-molasses-trade goods
mortality rates 40-50% during passage
Quotas
established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year
Immigration Laws
laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
Brain Drain
emigration of skilled and
talented people from a country - primarily for economic reasons.
Dependency Ratio
number of people in non-working age groups that need to be supported by those in the working age group
Malthusian Theory
population growth increases at the geometric rate while food production increases at arithmetic rate maybe resulting in famine
Cornucopian Theory
through the collective action of many workers economies of scale can produce enough food to feed all, every worker has two hands
Boserupian Theory
through changes in the economy and technology increases in production will be able to produce enough food
Baby Boom
a period marked by greatly increased birth rates. Birth exceed 2 per 100
Crude Birth Rate
total number of live births per 1,000 population per year
Crude Death Rate
total number of deaths per 1,000 population per year
Natural Increase
the percent by which a population grows in a year excluding migration
Doubling Time
the number of the years it will take for a population to double in size at the current rate of natural increase
(natural increase as a percent and dividing by 70)
Population Density
a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
Five Themes of Geography
location, human environment, region, place, and movement
Location
the geographical situation of people and things
Human Environment
reciprocal relationship between humans and environment
Region
an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree or formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon
Place
uniqueness of a location
Movement
the mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet
Inter regional
between regions (NW/SW)
Intra regional
within a region (urban/rural)
Model of demographic transition
1) Low Growth
2) High Growth
3) Moderate Growth
4) Low Growth
Earth-science Tradition
analysis and description of distribution and processes within the physical environment:climate, landforms, plants and animals
People Environment Tradition
concerned with description and analysis of people and their relationship with the physical environment
Regional Analysis Tradition
analysis of the geographic features that define an area or a place
Spatial Analysis Tradition
analysis of distributions and locational relationships and interactions among places
Relative Location
references to a known place
Absolute Location
mathematical coordinates
Latitude
degrees north or south of the equator
Longitude
degrees east or west of the prime meridian
Site
the absolute geographic location, defensive location, or other physical characteristics
Situation
the relative geographic location, its place in relationship to the region and world around it
Toponym
place names
Density
the frequency with which something exists is a measured area- persons per square mile
Arithmetic density
total number of objects in a measured area
Physiological density
total number of persons per unit of arable land
Agricultural density
total number of farmers per unit of arable land
Concentration
the extent of objects spread over space
Clustered
concentrations in one area
Dispersed
spread out over an area
Geographic Scale
the spatial extent at which geographers attempt to see patterns of uniqueness and similarity
Map Scale
a formal statement of the relationship of map distance to Earth distance
Spatial Interaction
process by which places become increasingly interconnected through communication, transportation and trade
Space-time Compression
is the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place through transportation and communication
Ratio
1:63,360
Verbal Scale
one inch represents one mile
Graphic or Bar Scale
0_________1 mile
Map
two dimensional graphic representation of the Earth's surface or some portion of it
Location
where is something
Navigate
how do I get to somewhere
Measure
how big is something
Visualize
what is the distribution of something
Large Scale
little reduction of the Earth
Small Scale
high reduction of the Earth
Conformal
maintain angular relationships
Equal Area
maintain area relationships
Equidistant
maintain distance relationships
Compromise
compromises all properties
Nominal Map
are used to display the distribution of a phenomenon
Dot Density Map
used to display distribution, number and density of a phenomenon
Graduated Map
used to display the quantity of phenomena
Chorpleth Map
used to display averages, ratios, and densities of phenomena
Isoline Map
display continuous change using series of lines of equal value
Political
freedom of expression
Economic
available employment, freedom of market, freedom of taxation
Environmental
recreation, opportunities, benign climate