Europe
small, heavily populated, 40 states
supranaturalism
A venture involving three or more STATES-- political, economic, and\or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization.
major European landform regions
1. Central Uplands
2. Alpine Mountains
3. Weatern Uplands
4. North European Lowland
Central Uplands
Forms the heart of Europe. The Industrial Revolution transformed this region. A region of hills and low plateaus loaded with raw materials.
Alpine Mountains
A highland region named after the Alps. Comparable to the Rockies in terms of age relevance. Includes Appennines and the Carpathians.
Western Uplands
Comparable to the Applachians in relevance to age. Older, lower, and more stable than the Alpines.
North European Lowland
The great european plain. An avenue for human migration. Many of Europe's major rivers and connecting waterways serve this populus region., Almost completely flat land, very green because rivers from central plateau go into lowlands, food basket of Europe- most agricultural production of Europe comes from here (Most of Northern Part of Europe, Belgium, Holland, North Germany, North France).
Europe's location advantages
� Land and Sea Routes to Asia & Africa
� Moderating Temps + Low Lying valley and good grazing lands
� Peninsulas + Islands + Waterways
� Large Coal Deposits
Land Hemisphere
the half of the globe, centered on Western Europe which contains the greatest amount of land surface
Greek Influence on Europe
philoshophy/ math/architechiture/maps/astronomy/arts
Roman influence on Europe
Roman empire/democracy
Infrastructure
The basic foundations such as sufficient power supply, water supply, roads, public utilities, and sewage disposal needed to support and accommodate tourists.
functional specialization
The production of a certain good or service as a dominant activity in a particular location. Particular goods made by particular people in particular places.
Agrarian Revolution
A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Revolution
The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications. ENGLAND WAS GROUND 0. Profoundly changed Manchester which was the 1st industrialized city.
agglomerative forces
Alfred Webber/London dominated common labor pool
deglomerative forces
Dispersive forces -- ones that drive people away Ex. criminal over population
Nation State
an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity, An area of homogenous people that share a common feeling of nationality.
The Key Components Are:
1. Single Language
2. Common history
3. Similar ethnic background
4. Sense of nationality
5, Legal membership
Indo-European languages
languages from the indo-european family. Spoken by half of the world's people, and includes, among others, the germanic, romance, and slavic subfamilies.
lingua franca
a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
complementarity
when two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each others demands
transferability
the ease (or difficulty) in which a good may be transported from one area to another.
CBD
Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial (and sometimes cultural) heart of a city. It is dominated shops and offices many of which are found in tall skyscrapers.
TFR
(Total Fertility Rate) The number of births that 1,000 women would have if the current year's age-specific birth rate remained constant throughout their childbearing years
metropolis
a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
immigration in Europe
Euros accuse the immagrants of taking jobs from the unemplyed and "somehow" undermining national unity. The idea that cultural and ethnic diversity could be a force for vitality and creativity ran counter to deep-stated beliefs. Current American discourse is that we preserve "U.S. freedom of action in world affairs".
cultural insulation
Isolate themselves from other cultures
Centrifugal forces
forces that divide a state - internal religious, political, economic, linguistic, or ethnic differences.
Centripetal forces
these types of forces bind together the people of a state, giving it strength. One of the most powerful centripetal forces is nationalism.
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
euro
the basic currency shared by the countries of the European Union since 1999
Supranationalism
occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity.
devolution
the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government
Effects of Soviet occupatioh in Germany
East and West Germany split. West Germany prospered while East Germany suffered.
lander
Reunified German states. (The country has its share of problems. The five lander(states) inherited from East Germany in 1990 remain far porrer than the rest of the country. It is there, too, that racist attacks have occurred most frequently and that neo-Nazi organiztions have enjoyed the most support.)
France and Germany
two dominate countries of Western Eurpore. France is territorily larger than Germany, but France does not have any good natural harbors.
site
the internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting.
situation
The external location attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other non local places.
primate city
A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.
Benelux
name for the economic union formed by Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to ensure the fast and efficient movement of people, goods, and services within these nations.
Belgium
a monarchy in northwestern Europe. headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
estuary
A broadened seaward end of a river, where the river's currents meet the ocean's tides
Netherlands
Important economically because manufacturing textiles and non-corrupt government, a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea
polders
land that the ingenious Dutch have wrested from the sea by building dikes and dams and draining the water from it with pumps driven by windmills
Luxembourg
a grand duchy (a constitutional monarchy) landlocked in northwestern Europe between France and Belgium and Germany
Alpine states
switzerland, austria, liechtenstein; absense of coasts, moutainous topography; speak different languages; austria with primate city; switzerland does not; switzerland has more trade
Liechtenstein
This microscopic principality is on the Rhine River between Switzerland and Austria. Despite its size, it has a big economy, focused on industry and financial services. It's beautiful mountains and fairy-tale castles make it a popular tourist destination.
microstate
an imprecise term for a state or territory small in both population and area. An informal definition accepted by the United Nations suggests a maximum of 1 million population combined with a territory of less than 270 sq mi.
Switzerland
a landlocked federal republic in central Europe
landlocked location
An interior state surrounded by land. Without coasts, such a country is disadvantafed in terms of accessibility to international trade routes, and in the scramble for possession of areas of the continental shelf and control of the exclusive economic zone beyond
Austria
a mountainous republic in central Europe
The British Isles
The Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingsom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland)
United Kingdom
country in Northern Europe occupying most of the British Isles: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland
world cities
cities most closely integrated into the global economic system because they are in the center of the flow of information and capital. Business services concentrate in disproportionately large numbers in world cities, including law, banking, insurance, accounting, and advertising. Three cities stand out in a class of their own: London, New York, and Tokyo. A second tier of major world cities includes Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, DC, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich,S�o Paulo and Singapore. A third tier of secondary world cities includes Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Toronto, Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Rotterdam, Vienna, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, and Sydney.
Republic of Ireland
the southern part of Ireland; NOT part of the United Kingdom; known as the "Emerald Isle
Mediterranean Europe
italy, spain, portugal, greece, cyprus, malta; peninsular region; somewaht detached from teh rest of europe; continuities of language, religion and culture
Italy
a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula that is most populous of the realm's southern states, best connected to the European core. A charter member of Europe's Common Market.
Spain
a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula
Gibraltar
Also known as "The Rock", Gibraltar was ceded by Spain to the British in perpetuity in 1713, and has been a British colony ever since. It has roughly 30000 residents that practice British customs and culture. The northern coast of Morocco is visible from Gibraltar. It is also a gateway to the Mediterranean Sea, and a outpost for trade for the British. Currently, Spain and England are trying to reach and agreement under which they would share control and administration of Gibraltar for the future, but since Gibraltar claimed that they had the right to vote on any transfer of sovereignty in the constitution they drafted in 1969, they are not letting these "joint custody" talks continue.
Ceuta
Spanish city on the tip of Morocco. Illegal immigration is an issue here, Spanish exclave on the Moroccan coast. Its border is demarcated with multiple rows of fences and concertina wire to prevent illegal immigration. Morocco claims the territory.
Melilla
overseas possesion; port city in Morocco, Africa (like Ceuta)
Portugal
officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Rep�blica Portuguesa), is a country located in Southwestern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. Apart from continental Portugal, the Portuguese Republic holds sovereignty over the Atlantic archipelagos of Azores and Madeira, which are autonomous regions of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale. Portugal is a developed country with a very high Human Development Index, the world's 27th-highest quality of life as of 2010, and the 25th in Bloomberg's Global Innovation Index. It is one of the world's most globalized and peaceful nations, and a member of the European Union.
Greece
Located in southern Europe, Greece forms an irregular-shaped peninsula in the Mediterranean with two additional large peninsulas projecting from it: the Chalcidice and the Peloponnese. The Greek islands are generally subdivided into two groups, according to location: the Ionian islands (including Corfu, Cephalonia, and Leucas) west of the mainland and the Aegean islands (including Euboea, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, and Crete) to the east and south. North-central Greece, Epirus, and western Macedonia are all mountainous. The main chain of the Pindus Mountains extends from northwest Greece to the Peloponnese. Mount Olympus, rising to 9,570 ft (2,909 m), is the highest point in the country.
Balkans
Throughout the 1980s, Greece's relations with neighboring Balkan countries had generally continued on the friendly and mutually beneficial course that the Karamanlis government had initiated in the postjunta years. Greece desired stability in an area that had long suffered from conflicting territorial claims and political turmoil. Greece also hoped to win its neighbors' support for its position on Cyprus, the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia
green line
the line that seperates the Greek communities from the Turkish communities in Cyprus
-not just a regional border but a boundary between geographic realms
shatter belt
A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals
balkanization
The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broken up in to six countries between 1989 and 1992.
Nordic Europe
North of Western Europe is Europe's Northern region. Six nations comprise this region:
Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia. Because of its location, much of this
region is sparsely inhabited. The overall population is only twenty-five million. There are few
mineral resources, and much of the land cannot be used effectively for agriculture
Sweden
The capital of this country is built on 14 islands connected by bridges; maintains a large standing army, over 1/2 the nation is covered by forests. Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy form of government and a highly developed economy. Sweden has the world's eighth highest per capita income. In 2011, it ranked fourth in the world in The Economist's Democracy Index and 7th in the 2013 United Nations' Human Development Index (third on the inequality-adjusted HDI).
Norway
a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, fresh water, and hydropower. The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world. On a per-capita basis, it is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East, and the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product. The country maintains a Nordic welfare model with universal health care, subsidized higher education, and a comprehensive social security system. From 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 through 2011, Norway has had the highest human development index ranking in the world. In 2011, Norway also ranked the highest on the Democracy Index, and according to UNDP Norway is the world's best country
Denmark
This Scandinavian country is connected to the mainland by the Jutland peninsula.officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, [?k????i??� ?d??nm???] ( listen)), is a Scandinavian sovereign state in Northern Europe, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands as additional overseas constituent countries, forming integral parts of the Danish Realm. Continental Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark consists of a large peninsula, Jutland, and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands, referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
entrepot
a port where merchandise can be imported and re-exported without paying import duties
Finland
independent since 1917, only access to ocean is the Baltic Sea called "Land of Ten Thousand Lakes", This country's largest lake is Saimaa, and it is the farthest east of all the Scandinavian countries.
Estonia
This is the smallest of the Baltic states. This former Soviet satellite enjoys the highest per capita gross domestic product of the three. A flat scenic country dotted with lakes, this country has oil-rich shale reserves., This country is the most northerly of the Blatic nations; people are closer to Finns than Russians; people are highly literate; it is the most prosperous and most economically stable of the former Soviet republics
Iceland
a volcanic island in the North Atlantic near the Arctic Circle. , Known as the "Land if Fire and Ice" because glaciers and volcanoes exist side by side. The western most country of Europe.
Eastern Europe
the eastern part of the European continent. The term has widely disparate and varying geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". A related United Nations paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct".
East-Central Europe
� East-Central Europe:
? Mainly Germanic, but separated by language and religion (Catholic vs. Protestant Germany)
? Lacks urban-foci; no great cities left after split (most in west)
? Focus is EU
? Kaliningrad anomaly: Russian port that is decrepit and poor, with illicit activities and smuggling --too poor of conditions for EU
a term defining the countries located between German-speaking countries and Russia.Those lands are described as situated "between two": between two worlds, between two stages, between two futures. In the geopolitical sense, East-Central Europe may be opposed to the Western and Eastern Europe, as one of the "Three Europes".
Differing from ideas of Central and Eastern Europe, the concept is based on different criteria of distinction and has different geographical spread. In addition, countries of Central and Eastern Europe belong to two different cultural and economic circles
ethnic mosaic
the Zulu nation still is largely concentrated in the province the Europeans called Natal, the Xhosa cluster in the eastern cape, from the city of East London to the Natal border and below the Great Escarpment. the Tswana still occupy amestral lands along the Bostwana border. cape town still is the core area of the coloured population Durban still has the strongest Indian Imprint
irrdentism
the doctrine that irredenta (territory) should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related
Eastern European Peripheries
Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and Turkey
Russia
Russia is the largest country in the world,(still an empire) covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the world's ninth most populous nation with 143 million people as of 2012. Extending across the whole of northern Asia, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water, 20% in Lake Baikal alone. Russia's natural population is shrinking. Development of Russia concentrated west of the Ural Mountains. It has few good, useable ports. Failure of communist system left Russia in economic disarray. It is highly dependent on exports of oil and gas.
Physiographic Regions of Russia
Russian Plain, Ural Mountains, West Siberian Plain (largest unbroken lowland), Central Siberian Plateau (formal region), Yakutsk Basin, Eastern Highlands(Deepest rift lake--Baykal/5,000ft deep), Central Asian Ranges, and Caucasus Mountains.
core area
(1) the national or world districts of concentrated economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology
(2) the heartland or nucleus of a state, containing its most developed area, greatest wealth, densest populations, and clearest national identity
Russia in reference to the North European Lowland
low relief
having a small difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points.
topography
the surface features of a place or region. The topography of a region includes hills, valleys, streams, lakes, bridges, tunnels, and roads.
Continentality
The variation of the continental effect on air temperatures in the interior portions of the world's landmasses. The greater the distance from the moderating influence of an ocean, the greater the extreme in summer and winter temperatures. Continental interiors also tend to be dry when the distance from oceanic moisture sources becomes considerable.
permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground
Tundra
Treeless arctic or alpine biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, a short growing season, and potential for frost any month of the year; vegetation includes low-growing perennial plants, mosses and lichens. "TUNDRESSED
Taiga
The vast coniferous forest of Russia that stretches from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. The main forest species are fir, spruce, and larch.
"TIGA IN THE FORREST
Population pattern of Russia
The primary causes of Russia's population decrease and loss of about 700,000 to 800,000 citizens each year are a high death rate, low birth rate, high rate of abortions, and a low level of immigration. Additionally, immigration into Russia is low - immigrants are primarily a trickle of ethnic Russians moving out of former republics (but now independent countries) of the Soviet Union. Brain drain and emigration from Russia to Western Europe and other parts of the world is high as native Russians seek to better their economic situation.
Russia's oil and natural gas reserves
�Russia holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, and the ninth-largest crude oil reserves.
�Russia was the largest producer of crude oil in 2011. During the year, crude oil production averaged about 9.8 million bbl/d.
�Russia's Transneft holds a monopoly over Russia's pipeline network, however pipeline exports have been displaced somewhat by seaborne exports over the last year.
�Russia holds the largest natural gas reserves in the world, and is the largest producer and exporter of dry natural gas.
�Russia is one of the top producers and consumers of electric power in the world, with more than 220 million kilowatts of installed generation capacity.
�Despite its sizeable reserves, production of coal in Russia is relatively low
rus
(Most likely) Vikings who built forts along the riversides and settled among the Slavs. Russian legend states that the Slavs invited the Viking chief Rurik to be their king. Rurik founded Novgorod, Russia's first city.
Mongol and Tatar Invasion of Russia
Under Genghis Kahan's influence, the Mongol people and Tatar armies rode westward on horseback into the domain of the Russes to challenge the power of the Slavs.Because of Russia's terrain, the armies had a hard time breaking through, and it ended as a standoff. Moscow never fell.
The invasion, facilitated by the beginning breakup of Kievan Rus' in the 12th century, had incalculable ramifications for the history of Eastern Europe, including the division of the East Slavic people into three separate nations (modern day Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus) and the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
Czar
Russian word for Caesar
Forward Capital
capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
Catherine the Great
This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia
intelligentsia
intellectuals; members of the educated elite
She preferred discussions about sports and politics to the literary conversations of the intelligentsia.
Imperialism
policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions
The former soviet union
The USSR was the largest country in the world, covering approximately one sixth of the earth's land surface. It is two and a half times the size of the United States, and only slightly smaller in land area than the entire continent of North America.[1] It covered most of the northern half of Asia and a large part of Eastern Europe, extending even into the Middle East. About one quarter of its territory was in Europe, and the rest in Asia. The territory of the USSR was dominated by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic - having the same borders as contemporary Russia - which covered roughly three quarters of the surface area of the union.
The Bolshevik Revolution
Led by the radical Lenin, the Bolsheviks took control of the Russian Revolution and by November, 1917, Russia was under "Communist" rule. Promising "Land, Bread, and Peace", Lenin appealed to the masses who wanted an end to the war as well as economic opportunity. Using assassination as well as overwhelming popularity among the masses, The Bolsheviks quickly consolidated power and eliminated all possible challenges to their power.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991. USSR
Russification
A policy in Russia to make all of the peoples under their control conform to Russian culture and language. It was used in both the Russian Empire and later, in the Soviet Union.
collectivization
system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.
sovkhoz
State Farm
Meat and grain factory
Receive wages,
in the Soviet Union, a large farm owned and run by the state
command economy
a type of economic system in which production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production. Also called a planned economy.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms. , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he attempted to reform and meets with President Ronald Reagan to reorient political ties. He also brings about the age of reform, implementing openness, economic restructuring, and democratic ideals to reform the soviet Union. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 to contribute to the dissolution of the soviet Union. Margaret Thatcher was also a major player.
The end of the cold war
with the breaking apart and independence of the former Soviet republics, there was no longer a Soviet Union and thus no longer a Cold War. The US became the sole superpower.
Near Abroad
new Russia described the former Soviet Sphere as this, implying right to intervene if they were threatened, but this waned
Satellite States
Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War
BLOC
1. The Russian Core
2. The Southern Frontier
3. Siberia
4. The Russian Far East(The only one that lies outside the Russian state)
5. Trancaucasia
Post-Soviet Russia
More goods, more disposable income but GDP still only $7800
In 1995 the population of the Russian Federation was estimated at slightly less than 150 million. Whereas Russians had accounted for only about 50 percent of the Soviet Union's population, in Russia they are a clear majority of 82 percent of the population in what remains a distinctively multicultural, multinational state.
Distance Decay
The various degenerative effects of distance on human spatial structures and interactions., When contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them. SUCH AS MOSCOW AWAY FROM ITS PEOPLE.
Unitary State System
A nation-state that has a centralized governement and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.
Federal System
a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states. US
male life expectancy in Russia
Dropped from 71 in 1991 to 62 in 2010. (female life expectancy has also declined, but not as markedly)
The main reasons for this is:
1. Alcoholism
2. AIDS(5000,000 deaths by 2020)
3. Smoking
4. Suicide
5. Accidents
6. Murder
population implosion
the opposite of population explosion; refers to the declining populations of many European countries and Russia in which the death rate exceeds the birth rate and immigration rate
Heartland Theory
a geopolitical hypothesis proposed by British geographer Harold Mackinder that states that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain strength to eventually dominate the world.
Spykman Rimland Theory
response to heartland theory. Pacific countries will dominate the globe. China, Japan, Korea. A Little after WWII
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. Russia not likely to join. Warsaw pact.
Lost lands
bickering over land that Russia has taken from China and Japan.
Subsaharan Africa
1) covers 9 million square miles
2) accounts for 15% of the world's land
3) can be divided into 4 subregions: West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and East Africa
4) has beautiful waterfalls
Africa as a plateau continent
Physiographically, it is a plateau continent without a major mountain range, witha set of Great Lakes, Several major river basins, variable rainfall, generally low-fertitlity soils, and mainly savanna and steppe vegetation.
Ethnic groups in Subsarahan Africa
Hundreds of distinct ethnic groups make up its population. They far outnumber the states in this realm, and their boundries do not often coincide.
Farming
This is what most people depend on in Africa.
Number of refugees
Africa has the largest ammount of refugees due to internal conflicts.
Bulge of Africa
western Africa between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea
Horn of Africa
a peninsula of northeastern Africa (the easternmost part of Africa) comprising Somalia and Djibouti and Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia
Rift Valleys
Valleys formed when the block of land between 2 normal faults slides downward.
Continential Drift
hypothesis that maintained that the Earth was once a supercontinent that divided and slowly drifted a part.
state formation
the historical development of a state, often marked by major stages, key events, or turning points (critical junctures) that influence the contemporary character of the state.
Atlantic Slave Trade
to meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved approx. 10 million Africans in the Americas; 500,000 came into U.S. Natives died of disease and warfare, so they needed a new source of labor that wouldn't cost (slavery had always existed, but it started to happen in larger numbers) (Portuguese started long before during exploration)
Colonialism
attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
Colonial transformation
Portugese developed 3 coasts, Gold coast, Slave coast, and Ivory coast.
Berlin Conference
(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.
legacies of colonization
Africans had weak and corrupt governments, poor economies, unorganized etc.
Extreme climates in Africa
The climate of Africa ranges from tropical to subarctic on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily desert or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and very dense jungle (rainforest) regions. In between, there is a convergence where vegetation patterns such as sahel, and steppe dominate. The movement of the Intertropical convergence zone, also known as the monsoon trough, creates a rainy season across central portions of the continent to the south of the Sahara. Tropical waves moving offshore Africa caused by the African easterly jet lead to many of the northern Atlantic's tropical cyclones annually. The Sahara is the hottest and driest portion of Africa due to the presence of the subtropical ridge.
Land Tenure
The way people own, occupy, and use land.
Land Alienation
One society or culture group taking land from another. In Subsaharan Africa, for example, European colonialists took land from indigenous Africans and put it to new uses.
Green Revolution
the development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe.
Medical Geography
the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. Among other things, medical geography looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases.
Endemic Disease
Present at a continuous level throughout a population/geographic area; constant presence of an agent/health condition within a given geographic area/population; refers to the usual prevalence of an agent/condition. hepatitis, VD, hookworm. The snail(the vector) that goes into body cavities
Epidemic
Affecting an atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time. Will kill you!
African Sleeping Sickness
A disease transmitted by the tsetse fly. It makes you so tired and you can hardly speak.
Pandemic Disease
Worldwide Epidemic. Malaria, AIDS, Yellow Fever
Yellow Fever
In the year 1853, Louisiana lost 9,000 people due to the yellow fever epidemic. Yellow fever was transmitted by mosqitoes. Symptoms of yellow fever include black vomit, fever, chills, headaches, backaches, shock, bleeding, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes), and failure of the heart, liver, and kidneys.
African Languages
More than 1,000 languages. English is the linguae Francae. The dominant language family is the Niger-Congo Family.
Multilingualism
common use of two or more languages in a society or country, A society marked by a mosaic of local languages; constitutes a centrifugal force because it impedes communication within the larger population; often a linga franca is used as a "common language," as in many countries of Subsharan Africa.
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. Can possess the soul.
Christianity
Currently the fastes growing religion in Africa.
Population and Urbanization in Africa
No high standard roadways or railways. Cecil Rhodes thought Africa deserved a transcontentinental RR. 2nd least Urbanized. Shanty towns low income for farmers because of the cost of preprepared foods.
Economic Problems in Africa
corruption, poverty, dependence on other countries, international aid not going where it should. 2/3 of people farm, debtor nation, and weakest connection with the rest of the world.
Southern Africa
Richest area
Ethiopia
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
South Africa
Madagascar
Apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Separate Development
the spatial expression of South Africa's apartheid scheme, whereby nonwhite groups were required to settle in segregated homelands.
East Africa
an eastern region of the continent of Africa that is made up of the coutries of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Somalia.
Landlocked States
a state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries
Equatorial Africa
Cameroon, central af. republic, equatorial guinea, gabon, congo & DR Congo
-Significant Resources: oil, iron, cobalt, copper, uranium and diamonds; lumber is a major export from this rain forest region
-Challenges: central af repub & Congo are still unstable. the congo has had elections in 2006 & UN peace keepers in country. The death toll here in the heart of africa is over 4 mill.
-Joseph Kabilla has just started his second term as prez of DRC
Exclave
A part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory. (Alaska)
Enclave
a country or other distinctly bounded area wholly surrounded by another area
West Africa
new Muslim states based on trade, farming, and herding; strong states like Asante traded with Europeans and Muslims but were ready to turn to Europe to help overturn Asante leaders
Sharia Law
the system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic law. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran. This law prescribes corporal punishments which include, stonings, amputations, and lashings for both major and minor offenses. Hariums are allowed. Taxis do not pick up women. Very pro-male!
Periodic markets
A market that is open not every day, but every three or four days. Ensures that all villages get a share in the exchange network.
African Transition Zone
a. Much of turmoil and conflict has to do with the religious transition from Islamic and Arabized Africa to the Africa where Christianity and traditional beliefs prevail; epitomizes the way one geographic realm yields to another
b. Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, and Somalia
c. Islamic Front- the southern border of the African Transition one that marks the religious frontier of the Muslim Faith in its southward penetration of Sub-Saharan Africa
Islamic Front
The southern border of the African Transition Zone that marks the religious frontier of the Muslim faith in its southward penetration of Subsharan Africa.
Choke Point
Where the water distance between two countries is less than 24 miles.
The global economy runs on oil, and much of that oil gets shipped through seven narrow straits (chokepoints). When there's even a rumor of a chokepoint getting blocked, people freak out.
The 7 are:
Strait of Hormus
Malacca
Suez Canal
Bab l-Mandab
Bosporus
Panama Canal
Danish Straits