Agglomeration Economies
Cost savings resulting from location near other firms
Basic Industry
An industry producing goods or services for sale to other regions
Break of Bulk
The stage of transportation when a bulk shipment is broken into smaller lots and/or different modes of transportation
Capital Goods
Goods used to produce other goods
Cost Minimization
An industrial location strategy that seeks to minimize what the firm pays to produce and distribute its products or services
Division of Labor
The specialization of workers in particular tasks and different stages of the production process
Economic Base Model
A demand-driven model in which exports to other regions drive regional development
Economies of Scale
Lower production costs as a result of larger volume of production
Externalities
Effects that beyond any single company. External economies of scale, for instance, are cost savings due to a larger volume of production in the region as a whole rather than a large volume within any one company
Industrial Economy
The dominant mode of production and consumption of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emphasizing large domestic corporations engaged in food processing, heavy equipment manufacturing, and energy products
Labor Productivity
Amount produced per worker per hour
Localization Economies
Savings resulting from local specialization in a particular industry
Maquiladora
An export assembly plant in Mexico that relies on cheap labor to assemble imported components that are then re-exported as finished goods.
Market Oriented
The tendency for an industry to locate near population centers in order to save on transport costs, which usually occurs when the final product is more expensive to transport than the raw materials
Nonbasic Industry
An industry producing goods or services for sale within the local region
Outsourcing
An arrangement in which a service or a manufacturing process that was previously produced in-house is subcontracted to an outside company
Postindustrial Economy
The emerging mode of production and consumption of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, featuring huge transnational corporations and localized agglomerations that produce and/or utilize information technology and telecommunications, with
Primary Activity
An economic activity that directly extracts or harvests resources from the earth
Producer Services
Services provided by businesses to other businesses. Also known as business services
Quaternary Activity
Highly skilled, information-based services
Raw Material Oriented
The tendency for an industry to locate near the source of raw materials in order to save on transport costs, which usually occurs when raw materials lose weight in the production process
Regional Multiplier
A numerical relationship showing the number of total jobs created for each new basic job in a region
Secondary Activity
An economic activity that transforms raw materials into usable products, adding value in the process
Services
Tasks done for consumers or businesses for a fee
Spatial Division of Labor
The specialization of different regions in different stages of the production process
Technological Spillovers
Leakage of technological know-how to other people and firms usually located in close proximity
Tertiary Activity
An economic activity that links the primary and secondary sectors to the consumers and other businesses either by selling goods directly or by performing services utilizing those goods
Transaction Costs
The unseen costs of doing business; the costs required for gathering information about, negotiating, and enforcing contracts in the exchange of a product or service
Ubiquitous
Available nearly everywhere
Urbanization Economies
Highly skilled, information-based services
Agribusiness
An industrialized, corporate form of agriculture organized into integrated networks of agricultural inputs and outputs controlled by a small number of large corporations
Agriculture
The intentional cultivation of crops and raising of livestock
Capital
Goods such as equipment and buildings used to produce other goods
Capital-Intensive Agriculture
Agriculture in which a large amount of capital is applied per unit of output
Commercial Agriculture
Agriculture primarily for the purpose of selling the products for money
Comparative Advantage
When one region is relatively more efficient at producing a particular product compared with other regions
Extensive Agriculture
Large-area farms or ranches with low inputs of labor per acre and low output per acre
First Agricultural Revolution
The original invention of farming and domestication of livestock 8,000-14,000 years ago and the subsequent dispersal of these methods from the source regions
Free Trade
Imports and exports between countries that are unrestricted by tariffs, quotas, or excessive approvals and paperwork
Friction of Distance
A measure of how much distance discourages movement between places, based on the time, energy, or dollar cost that must be expended
Globalization
The increasing economic, cultural, demographic, political, and environmental interdependence of different places around the world
Global-Local Continuum
The interaction between global processes and local lifestyles. This continuum is a two-way process in which the local and the global shape each other
Green Revolution
-Same as Third Agricultural Revolution
-The application of biological science to the development of better strains of plants and animals for increasing agricultural yields
Hunting and Gathering
The collecting of roots, seeds, fruit, and fiber from wild plants and the hunting and fishing of wild animals
Intensive Agriculture
Small-area farms and ranches with high inputs of labor per acre and high output per acre
Irrigation
Artificial watering of farmland
Labor-Intensive Agriculture
Agriculture in which a large amount of human work is applied per unit of output
Land Cover
The general class of material or vegetation that dominates the surface of the land in a particular area
Land Use
The general class of activity for which land is used by humans in a particular area
Livestock
Domesticated animals such as cows, sheep, and poultry that are raised and managed to produce meat, milk, eggs, wool, leather, etc
Mixed Farming
An integrated agricultural system in which crops are grown and fed to livestock
Monoculture
Agriculture that uses a large area of land for production of a single crop year after year
Nomadism
Migratory movement of herders and their animals according to the availability of grazing land
Plantation
A large estate that produces a single cash crop. Mainly found now in the tropics
Remote Sensing
The use of satellite images of the earth's surface
Second Agricultural Revolution
A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s that started in western Europe, beginning with pre-industrial improvements such as crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with
Sedentary Agriculture
Agriculture that takes place in the immediate surroundings of a permanent settlement
Shifting Cultivation
A farming method in tropical areas in which wild vegetation is cleared and burned before crops are planted. When the soil fertility is diminished, farmers abandon the land to restore itself naturally, and they move to new areas where they repeat the proce
Subsistence Agriculture
Self-sufficient agriculture, usually small scale and low tech, primarily for direct consumption by the local population
Third Agricultural Revolution
-Same as Green Revolution
-The application of biological science to the development of better strains of plants and animals for increasing agricultural yields
Time-Space Convergence
The rate at which the time separating two places decreases because of improvements in transportation or communication technology
Yield
Output per unit land per unit time (e.g., tons per acre per year)
Colony
An area conquered and administered by a foreign power
Diaspora
Scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad
Ethnonationalism
A strong feeling of belonging to a nation that is a minority within a state, has its own distinctive homeland within the state's territory, and has deeply rooted feelings that they are different from the rest of the state's population
Federal state
A state with a two-tiered system of government with a clear and formal distinction between the powers of the central (federal) government and those of the lower-level administrative units within the country. This system of government is called federalism,
Homeland
Perceived ancestral territory of a nation
Irredentism
A movement to reunite a nation's homeland when part of it is contained within another state. The piece of homeland that is ruled by the other state is known as an irredent
Nation
The largest human grouping characterized by a common origin or ancestry. A territorially based community of people who usually have similar language or religion, a common history (real or imagined), and accepted social ways of behavior that give it a comm
Nationalism
Loyalty to the nation to which you belong. Often misused today to refer to patriotism
Nation-State
A state that has the same boundaries as a nation
Patriotism
Loyalty to the governing state in which you live
Province
A first-level administrative subregion of a state
Raison d'etre
Literally translates as "reason for being." A state idea that helps rally diverse peoples together
Refugee
A person who is outside his or her country due to a well-founded fear of persecution and who is unable or unwilling to return
Regional Autonomy
Limited self-rule for a region within the larger state
Secession
Complete break-off of a region into an autonomous, independent state. This occurs when a separatist movement achieves its goals
Separatism
The desire to break a region away from its state and form a new independent state
Shatterbelt
A region caught between powerful forces whose boundaries are continually redefined
State
An independent, bounded, and internationally recognized territory with full sovereignty over the land and people within it�in other words, a "country
Unitary State
A state largely governed as a single unit by the central government. It may be subdivided into provinces or regions for administrative purposes, but the central government dictates the degree of regional political control. Contrast unitary state with fede