places
specific setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes
ex. contribute to collective memory - TImes Square in NTV, Graceland in Memphis, college campus, childhood neighborhood - socially constructed
regions
territories that encompass many places, all or most of which share attributes different from the attributes of places elsewhere
why does geography matter?
contributes to local, national, and global development
knowledge of earth's physical and human systems and the interdependency of living things
overcome close-mindedness and prejudice
human geography
study of spatial organization of human activity and of peoples relationships with their environments
what do places provide?
structure of daily routines - economic and social
opportunities and constrains of long term social well being
context to gather knowledge and experience
setting for socialization and social norms
what are the two branches of geography?
physical - earths natural processes and their outcomes - climate, weather, landforms, soil, plants
human - spatial organization of human activities and with peoples relationship to the environment (ex. ag production, food security, pop. change, diseases,
regional geography
both physical and human; combinations of environmental and human factors produce territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes
tools and methods for geographers
fieldwork, lab experiments, archival searches
remote sensing - collection of info. about parts of earths surface
visualization and representation
analysis of data
maps and GIS
equidistant
distance represented as accurately as possible
conformal
compass directions are rendered accurately
GIS
store and access spatial data, to manipulate that data and to draw maps
geodemographic research
uses census data and commercial data about the population of small districts in creating profiles for market research
what are the 5 concepts of spatial analysis
location, distance, space, accessibility, spatial interaction
location
latitude: N/S from equator - parallel to
longitude: E/W from prime meridian
site: physical attributes - terrain, soil
situation: location of place relative to other places and human activity
cognitive images: psychological representations of locations tha
distance
absolute (km or miles) or relative (time, effort) measure
cognitive distance: distance people perceive as existing in a given situation
friction of distance: reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance
distance-decay function: rate at which a p
space
measured in absolute, relative, and cognitive terms
absolute: mathematical (points, lines, areas)
relative: sites, situations, routes, regions, distributions, places, territories, domains, worlds
cognitive: peoples values, feelings, beliefs - landmarks, p
accessibility
opportunity for contact/interaction from a given point in relation to other locations
connectivity is important: roads, phones
function of economic, cultural, and social factors
ex. health care clinic is close, but only accessible if we can afford the cos
spatial interaction
movement and flow involving human activity
complementarity: demand in one place and a supply that matches/complements - international division of labor, economic specialization larger than output, lower fixed cost per unit
ex. flow of crude oil from Saudi
what are the 3 concepts of regional analysis
regionalization, landscape, sense of place
regionalization
logical division/grouping
functional region: share an overall coherence in structure, economic, political, social organization
regionalism: situations where different religious/ethnic groups with distinctive identities coexist within the same state bounda
landscape
ordinary: landscapes people create in the course of their lives together
ex. crowded city, rural village - influence values and behaviors of people who live there
symbolic: represent values/aspirations that builders and financiers want to impart to a larg
sense of place
feelings evoked among people as a result of experiences and memories they associate with a place and to symbolism they attach to that place
ex. shared dress codes, speech patterns, vocabulary, gestures
intersubjectivity: shared meanings that are derived f
geographical imagination
understand changing patterns processes, and relationships among people, places and regions
ex. South Beach, Miami has undergone great change --> coconut plantation, resort and retirement district, renovated district on National Register of Historic Places
socio-spatial relations
space constitutes social life and social life constitutes space - do this at the same time
critique
look at conditions that make something possible - relations/materials make it possible for something to exist/occur
ex. Bascom and capital at each end of State St. - important aspects of Madison
critical perspective
recognizes that we are situated beings with many particular experiences and exposed to many conflicting world views
physical geography
studies earths natural processes and its outcomes
physical processes with spatial component
ex. rivers change route and create new ones
human geography
spatial organization of human activities and peoples relationships with their environments
regional geography
both physical and human
ex. corn belt - social: economic production; natural - where the corn grows
applied geography
fieldwork, lab work, archived searches, remote sensing, GIS - input, manipulation, analysis
spatial data from images
scale
we see different types of spatial phenomenon at different scales
ex. iphone - can see what it does and its social technology, but we don't know workers who made the object, how much it costs, workers income for labor, consumers
world regions
settings that concern major grouping of peoples with broadly similar cultural attributes
states
independent political units with territorial boundaries that are recognized
functional region
constructed around specific resources and industries
minisystems
society with a reciprocal social economy; each individual specializes in particular tasks who freely give any excess product to others - most vanished a long time ago
fire to process food, grindstone to mill grain, improved tools to prepare and store food
slash and burn
plants are harvested close to the ground, stubble left to dry, and then ignited
agricultural breakthroughs can only happen where?
in certain geographic settings
hearth areas
new practices have developed from which they have spread - middle east, south asia, china, americas
minisystems allowed for what?
higher population densities and settled villages
highly organized social organizations based on kinship
nonagricultural crafts - pottery, jewelry
barter and trade between communities
world empire
group of mini-systems that have been absorbed into a common political system
wealth flows from producers to elite class
while retaining their cultural differences
ex. Greece, Egypt, China - introduced colonialization and urbanization
colonization
physical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state
ex. Roman world empire colonized territory - Today's western european cities had their origin as roman settlements
law of diminishing returns
tendency of productivity to decline after a certain point with the continued addition of capital/labor to a given resource base
urbanization
capital cities and series of smaller settlements - urban systems
ex. Greeks and Romans
premodern world characteristics
harsh environments still had hunter-gatherer mini-systems
dry belt and desert margins had mini-systems based on herding animals
sedentary agricultural production extended from Morocco to China
capitalism
economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of goods by private ownership - port cities important
silk road
trade routes between china, northern india, and the ottoman empire of eastern Mediterranean
hinterland
sphere of economic influences - area from which it collects products to be exported and through which it distributes imports
world system
interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition
whole new geography emerged
ex. European overseas expansion - ships, guns, navigation, maps; so the periphery now depended on them
external arenas
regions not yet absorbed into the world system
import substitution
copying and making goods previously available only by trading
ex. By european merchants and manufacturers
what did europe have that was better than the US?
Had innovations in business and finance to increase savings and investment; they also had better maps and navigations techniques to go on adventures and conquer new land
imperialism
deliberate exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests
ex. Europe at first took over Africa on its coasts but then took over the entire continent and integrated it into the w
core regions
dominate trade, control most advanced technologies, high levels of productivity with diversified economies
depends on dominance of other regions
ex. first core regions were the trading hubs
colonialism
establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society
involves colonization
peripheral regions
dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped/narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
unsuccessful
semi-peripheral regions
exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
leadership cycles
periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition
ex. Great Britain dominated from the early 18th C to early 20th C - dominated during their industrialization
hegemony
domination over the world economy exercised by one national state in a particular historical epoch
ex. the United States has dominated from the 1950s-on
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DOMINANCE
EX. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, COLONIALISM
EX. 9/11 IN US, MOBILIZING WAR
division of labor
specialization of different people, regions, and countries in certain kinds of economic activities
needed larger area for trade and an area that could supply the higher demand of goods they needed
steamships important for innovation for division, as well
ethnocentrism
attitude that ones own race and culture are superior to those of others
environmental determinism
doctrine holding that human activities are shaped and constrained by the environment
neocolonialism
economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economics indirectly maintain/extend their influence over other areas or people
ex. newly independent states were still influenced by the old colonial links and legacies that remained in t
transnational corporations
have investments and activities that span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries
ex. BP, Virgin Group
globalization
increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic environmental, and political and cultural change
function at a greater speed than before
operates on large scale
scope is larger and more broad
new level of
commodity chains
networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction of production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished community
ex. producer driven: US pharmaceutical company
consumer driven: WalMart
climate change
due to burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture, pollution, industrial wastes
sustainability
interdependence of the economy, environment, and social well being
ex. Lake Baykal - hows its being effected by climate change, chemicals/waste from a paper mill nearby
pandemic
epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death
ex. H1N1 influenza
risk society
significance of wealth distribution is being eclipsed by the distribution of risk in which politics is increasingly about avoiding hazards
spatial justice
distribution of society s benefits and burdens at different spatial scales, taking into account both variations in peoples need and in their contribution to the production of wealth and social well being
ex. gap between wealthiest and poorest increase by
technology systems
based on the internal combustion engine, oil and plastics, electrical engineering, aerospace, and electronics
human settlements
organizations of peoples lives through work, consumption, recreation, local, public administration, collective consumption of goods and services
ex. tourists come to see the slums - people who live there make money by being tour guides
community
social interaction, personal relationships, and daily routine - not stable, can change
home
physical setting for structure and dynamics of family and household - gender, age, privilege
reproductive labor
we are the product - provide food, education, reproducing life - tends to be gendered, usually women
body/self
differences are often defined - physical and socially constructed attributes (personal space, style)
space of difference - social life can produce differences on the body
kathleen cleaver - black panther party - movement to protect the community - black j
place
complex and changing: the economic and social relations that make them distinct also operate between places and stretch across space
relation: require upon places, tied to broader patterns, interdependence between different scales
global and local occurs
four characteristics of place
dynamic and changing - interactions between humans and environments
differs according to lifestyles, well being, opportunities
contribute to collective memory, become emotional and cultural symbols - socially constructed place and identity
sites of innova
community art
can provide important elements in the creation of a sense of place for members of local communities - displays an ordinary landscape
sense of place/identity
symbolic landscape
represent particular values or aspirations that the builders and financers of those landscapes want to impact to the larger public, like the neoclassical architecture of federal government buildings in D.C.
ex. buildings at UW Madison
ex. national identit
economic development
processes of change involving the nature and composition of the economy of a particular region as well as to increase in the overall prosperity of a region
uneven - core-periphery contrast in world system
core: US, europe, Japan
GDP
estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services that are produced by a country in a particular year
GNI
measure of income that flows to a country from production wherever in the world that production occurs
ex. If US owned company was operating in another country and sends some of its income back to the US, this adds to the US's GNI
purchasing power parity
measures how much of a common market basket of goods and services that aren't traded internationally
energy
major sources of commercial energy are unevenly distributed around the globe (oil, natural gas, coal)
oil is most important commodity in world trade
cultivable land
distribution is uneven - centered in europe, N. America, and few other countries
carry capacity
max population that can be maintained in a place at rates of resource use and waste production that are sustainable in the long term without damaging the overall productivity of that or other places
industrial resources
basic raw materials, oils and metals, centered in russia, US, canada, s. africa, australia
due to political and economic development - cant explore for resources
sustainable development
achieves a balance among economic growth, the environmental impacts of that growth and the fairness of the distribution of costs and benefits of the growth
using renewable natural resources in a manner that doesn't eliminate/degrade them
primary activities
concerned with natural resources - ag., mining, fishing, forestry
ex. most of Africa and Asia are engaged in these activities
secondary activities
process/assemble the raw materials derived from primary - refinish, package manufactured goods - food processing, textile manufacturing, car assembly
ex. larger in large core countries and semi-peripheral countries
tertiary activities
sale and exchange of goods and services - retail, personal services, accounting, advertising, entertainment
ex. where these as well as quaternary are located - dominate the workforce with have smaller but highly productive secondary activities
quaternary activities
handling and processing of knowledge and information - data processing education, research and development
what do all four activities reflect?
geographical divisions of labor
where is the secondary sector much larger?
in core countries and semi-peripheral
newly industrializing countries
formerly peripheral that have acquired a significant industrial sector foreign
where are tertiary and quaternary present?
only in the most affluent countries of the core
trading blocs
groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements
autarky
dont contribute significantly to the flows of imports and exports that constitute the geography of trade
ex. smaller peripheral - Bolivia, Malawi
neoliberal policies
economic policies predicated on a minimalist role for the state that assume the desirability of free markets not only for economic organization but also for political and social life
dependency
involves a high level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises, investment, or technology
elasticity of demand
degree to which levels of demand for a product/service change in response to changes in price
high: small change in price - big change in demand
low: stable demand - price changes
ex. still a limit in demand for cocoa products.
terms of trade
determined by the ratio of the prices at which exports and imports are exchanged
import substitution
attempt to establish a new role in the international division of labor, moving away from a specialization in primary commodities toward a more diversified manufacturing base
fair trade
building equitable trading relationships between consumers and the world most economically disadvantaged artisans and farmers
create opportunities for economically disadvantaged, capacity building, ensuring that women's work is rewarded, safe and healthy
development somewhere requires what?
underdevelopment somewhere else
geographical path dependence
the relationship between present day activities in a place and the past experiences of that place
initial advantage
important of an early start in economic development
external economies
existing labor markets, existing consumer markets, framework of fixed social capital
ex. cost savings that result from advantages beyond a firms organization and methods of production
localization economies
cost savings that accrue to a particular industries as a result of clustering together at a specific location
agglomeration effects
cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities
ancillary industries
maintenance, repair, recycling, security, business services
cumulative causation
spiraling buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects, and locational economies
backwash effects
negative impacts on a region of the economic growth of some other region
ex. shrinkage of local tax bases, out-migration
spread effects
positive impacts on a region form the economic growth of some other region usually a core region
ex. helps them establish a local capacity to meet demand
import substitution
goods and services previously imported from core regions come to be replaced by locally made goods and provided services
gives local capital, increased employment opportunities, generating profit
agglomeration diseconomies
negative economic effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry, including the higher prices that must be paid by firms competing for land and labor, costs of delays from traffic congestion, increasing costs of waste disposal
deindustrialization
decline in industrial employment in core regions as firms scale back their activities in response to lower levels of profitability
ex. rustbelt in U.S. in 1960s
creative destruction
withdrawal of investments from activities and regions that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities and region
ex. deindustrialization of the rust belt in the US provided capital and locational flexibility for firms to invent in th
growth poles
places of economic activity deliberately organized around one or more high growth industries
ex. French government designated certain locations as technopoles - sites for establishment of high-tech industries, thinking that these activities will stimulate
new international division of labor
US has declined as an industrial producer
manufacturing production has been decentralized from the worlds core regions to semi-peripheral and peripheral countries (ex. Nike doesn't pay its overseas workers well)
new international specialization have emerg
power of place
ex. West Ireland symbolized all of Ireland and Bucolic rural landscape symbolized England
landscapes important for national identity
important political identity emerges when landscape and national identity comes together
regional analysis
the shared meanings that are derived from the lived experience of everyday practice, how people become familiar with one another vocab, speech patterns, dress, gestures, humor, gender
ex. routine encounters develop the sense of place
we share knowledge, e
how are space and social life related?
co-related
geographical imagination
think of places/regions as representing the cumulative legacy of successive periods of change
fill in picture of identity of a place once you become familiar with it/experiencing the space
dont always have to go to the place to have an imagination
its exp
tools
remote sensed images can provide new ways of seeing the world, as well as unique sources of data on all sorts of environmental conditions
topological space: connections between particular points in a space
global perspective
each region is largely the product of forces that are both local and global in origin
each is linked to many other regions through these same forces
individual character of places and regions cant be accounted for by general processes alone. Some local ou
hyperglobalist view
open markets, free trade, and investment across the global markets allow more people to share in the prosperity of the world economy
skeptical view
contemporary economic integration is much less significant than the gold standard in 19th C
transformationalist view
long term historical process that is underlain by crises and contradictions that are likely to shape it in all sorts of unpredictable ways
sustainability
interdependence of the economy, environment, and social well being.
what increases the significance of place?
new mobility of money, labor, products, and ideas
more universal diffusion of material culture and lifestyles, the more valuable regional and ethnic identities become
faster the info. highway takes us into cyberspace, the more they feel for intersubjectiv
what did the new technologies of the industrial revolution create?
new global economic system
structure of the world system
core, semi-peripheral, peripheral
how did growth of the core occur?
colonization of the periphery for its materials
new technology system
ex. solar energy, robots, biotechnology
wider geographical scope and faster pace to social, political, and cultural change
global consumer markets
materialistic culture; people save less, borrow more, indulge in luxuries, that are marked as symbols of style
reinforced by TV
internalization of finance
emergence of global banking and globally integrated financial markets
capacity of computers and information systems added
created a need for banks and financial institutions to handle large investments over long distances
conglomerate corporations
consist of several divisions engaged in quite different activities - employ many overseas and thats where they get a majority of their revenue
ex. Nestle is involved in beverage, candy, culinary products, frozen food, pet food, drugs and cosmetics
Fordism
mass production, based on assembly line techniques and scientific management, together with mass consumption based on higher wages and sophisticated advertising techniques
neo-fordism
addition of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems
flexible production systems
flexibility within firms and between them
within: new technologies allow flexibility
between: flexibility achieved through externalization of certain functions
ex. Benetton clothing company - achieved its growth by exploiting computers, new communication
just in time production
employs vertical disintegration within large, formerly functionally integrated firms in which daily/hourly deliveries of parts from smaller subcontractors arrive just in time to maintain last minute/zero inventories
vertical integration
evolution from large, functionally integrated firms within a given industry toward networks of specialized firms, subcontractors, and suppliers
strategic alliances
commercial agreements between transnational corporations, usually involving shared technologies, marketing networks, market research, or product development
important for intensification of economic globalization
export processing zones
small areas where governments create especially favorable investment and trading conditions in order to attract export oriented industries
world city
able not only to generate powerful spirals of local economic development, but also act as pivotal points in the reorganization of global space -->control centers
offshore financial centers
islands and micro-states such as the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, that are specialized nodes in geography of worldwide financial flows
provide low-tax or no-tax settings
tourism
can offer economic development to regions without a primary base (ex. ag. fishing)
experience economy
capitalize on places because places have the capacity to arouse distinctive feelings and attachments
how has sense of place become valuable?
a valuable commodity and culture has become an important economic activity
biofuels
renewable fuels derived from biological materials that can be regenerated
need vast areas of land
agrarian
describe way of life thats deeply embedded in the demands of agricultural production - defines the culture and refers to the type of landholding system that determines who has access to land and what kind of cultivation practices are employed there
agriculture
science art and business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit
hunting and gathering
people feed themselves by killing wild animals and gathering fruits, roots, and other edible plants
subsistence agriculture
agriculturalists consume most of what they produce - mainly periphery
commercial agriculture
dominant in the core in 20th C - farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families
Carl O Saur
noted that agricultural breakthroughs could only occur in certain geographical settings - plentiful natural food supplies, rich/moist soil, diversified terrain
shifts in people using space -->different types of social formations occur
what do minisystems do?
produce and reproduce life
sociospatial
social and cultural, political, economic
all intertwined spatially
transforming constantly and its the foundation for who we are - spatial creatures
which came first, society of space - with minisystems, they came together
minisystem
first movement - communities came together
technology, domestication of cattle, slash and burn
high pop. density
change in social organization
specialization in non-agricultral crafts
changes in sociospatial practice - specialization led to beginnings of
urbanization
towns and cities became essential as centers of administration, military garrisons, and as theological centers for ruling class
colonization
expansion -> to capture resources outside of space and fight against law of diminishing returns
open new markets, new resources, cheap labor
Greeks
idea that places embody fundamental relationships between people and the natural environment, and the study of geography provides the best way of addressing the interdependence between places and between people and nature
Romans
less interested in Greeks, but they did appreciate geographical knowledge as an aid to conquest, colonization, and political control
Strabo
see geography as a sight of knowledge - thinking about the earth
unevenness is crucially important
world is developing at different paces in different places
interconnectivity (silk road) - empires based on proximity and accessibility; brought together by
cartography
make distinctive visual representations of earths surface in the form of maps
european discovery
cartography - mapping
technological difference allows them to conquer new areas (exploration of space - sociospatial because people are being used as slaves)
new systems of exchange occur or are transformed
one space has resources that are desired by anot
Immanuel Kant
saw human activities heavily influenced by physical geography
environmental determinism
temperaments among individuals and differences in cultures are the result of different environmental and geographical conditions
Alexander Von Humboldt
emphasized the mutual causation among species and their physical environment
space produces what?
people
foundations of modern geography
transport - ships from dutch
relation between science, technology, colonialism, imperialism, and capitalism
observed from points all over the globe - including many colonial space - to derive distance between earth and sun and size of universe
transit of
David Livingstone
victorian explorer - missionary and explorer for the British Royal geography society
colonial representative - encouraged the merger of Christianity, civilization, and commerce from the coast to the interior of africa
euro centrist - renames african sites
society and space are products of what?
complex relations
discourse analysis
whats motivating people to construct this in that way
ex. look at individuals who are doing that work
imperialism
core countries engaged in preemptive geographic expansion in order to protect their established interests and to limit the opportunities of others
as technical innovation is speeding up, what is happening to imperialism?
its speeding up too
go further, increase production
result of and driver of imperialistic expansion
political and economic expansion
changing way production happens - produce more more quickly - social, cultural, spatial transformation
industrial revolution
driven by technology system based on water power, steam engines, cotton textile, river transportation and canals. Each new system opens new geographic frontiers and requires the geography of economic development, shifting the balance of advantages between
three waves of industrialization
1790-1850: cluster of technological industries (steam engines, cotton textiles) - very localized
1858-1870: diffusion of industrialization to most of rest of Britain and parts of new europe - coal fields
1870-1914: further industrialization of geography o
capitalism
became a global system with the new production and transportation technologies of the industrial revolution
get raw materials, labor to make product, sell it, get money from consumer - life cycle of commodity is spatial
machine can produce skill of a pers
world system 1800
expands out from core
many places around the globe are now connected
europe is in the middle of the map, literally
manufacturing belt of US
cities in this region were ideally placed to take advantage of a series of crucial shifts
economics was behind colonization
extended area for trade
arena supplying foodstuffs and raw materials in return for industrial goods of the core
outcome was International division of labor
colonies had comparative advantage in specialization that didn't duplicate/compete with the domestic supplies within core countries
established demand existed in industrial core
labor is valued differently in different places (work, type of work, gender,
race to the bottom
labor laws, materials, environmental regulations (who can make a product the cheapest)
people go to metro pole from periphery even after colonialism: describe
cultural system that has unevenness continues to flow on and cause a migration flow
colonial power exploits other areas stop economic and political exploitation --> cultural aspects continues to run with it because they have a system set in place
colonized mind
through centuries of colonization they developed this mind --> think like their colonizers; self-hatred
how does unevenness happen?
at massive scales and the scale of the body
economic and social relations are changing a space, such as by exploiting it
mechanism of power
easier to colonize and control if you get them to hate themselves
when colonization ends what happens?
people are suffering from the colonized mind and are now free. This colonized mind still continues on
citizens reproduce repressive things/power that the colonizers did
this emerges from exploitation/unevenness of space and the international division of l
international division of labor
how much your labor/work is valued
relations of supply and demand; production and consumption
social and spatial relations -> life of the commodity is mapped (map of work, where materials come from, pay, how easy it is for commodities to flow (political),
social and political biography of an object
commodities mask their social relations (doesn't tell us anything about who produced it --> need to discover ways to uncover it and show it to other people)
shipping routes help sustain what?
unevenness
communication works in the same way; world is becoming networked space of communication that speeds up trade
ex. London can trade on the market everyday
futures predict the value of something in the future (ex. bushel of corn -->pay in right no
commodity chains
network of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of that finished commodity) producer, consumer, and market driven
what type of era are we in now?
post-fordism
people who build/male objects can no longer afford to buy it themselves
what do we as consumers do?
give a product its value and complete the commodity circuit
we are involved in social relations with others all over the globe
ethnoscapes
produced by flows of people including tourists, immigrants, refugees, exiles, guest workers
technoscapes
diffusion of goods, technologies, and architectural styles
finanscapes
rapid flows of money in currency markets and stock exchanges
mediascapes
images of the world produced by news agencies, magazines, TV and film
ideoscapes
diffusion of ideas and ideologies, concepts of human rights, democracy, welfare, etc.
global connections
greater speed, larger scale broader scope with multiple dimensions
neocolonialism
exertion of controls by core countries through international financial regulations, commercial relations, and covert intelligence operations, rather than through formal, direct rule
portuguese dominance
atlantic exploration, trade, and plunder
dutch dominance
fishing and shipping industries -> dutch west india company
british dominance
overseas trade and colonization, strong navy, nelson at trafalgar, wellington at waterloo
US dominance
economically dominant in 1920, hegemony in 1945, credit crisis in 2008 threatens leadership status
hegemony
economic dominance maintained through the exertion political, economic, cultural and ideological power - usually held by a single group
economic, political, and cultural dominance
ideas spread out beyond the group and become the dominant ideas
control ove
describe walmarts strategy
high volume turnover through low prices
CIA extraordinary rendition
detain and interrogate foreign suspects without bringing them to the US or charging them with any crimes
solution: secretly move suspect to another country where its legal to torture
ex. after 9/11 - 54 governments involved
antiglobalization
globalization often leads to the downward convergence of wages and environmental standards, an undermining of democratic governance, and a general recoding of nearly all aspects of life to the language and logic of global markets
flexible accumulation: wa
how does capitalism work?
through unevenness
ex. not everyone is being paid the same wages
antiglobalization movements
challenge economic and political politics promoting the global spread neoliberalism as an effort to represent those around the world - peripheral and developing countries
advance challenges to:
transnational corporations (Nike, McDonalds)
international tr
what is it called when the core travels to marginalized areas?
tourism
what happens as the world becomes more globally networked?
it can move commodities and production sites around the globe and its producing whole movements around - sites of assemble and production are moving based on labor
shift in stabilization and ability of work (problem) - good for businesses because they can
economic geography
growing important of the informal sector and casual or temporary labor for economic globalization
where is a social space produced?
around a factory - homes, schools - produce space because factory is intended on staying there a long time
this is changing now today
capital can be flexible - can redirect to other places for labor
as a laborer, I may not have a lifetime of expertise, ca
what results from capital flexibility?
insecure, casual labor
hard to get insurance and job security
unevenness is reproduced - through flexible global production network
flexible - making labor insecure and more dangerous
factories ARENT stuck in one space anymore
global assembly line
materials processed near source of supply and made where markets are and where labor is the cheapest
keep unevenness in place - cheap labor close to well paid consumers
uneven development - capital uses it to increase profits
people are aware of this soci
what is one theory about the spread of globalization?
all boats float up together - neoliberal ideology - spread capitalism around the globe and liberalize markets and make them as free as possible
what theory challenges the all boats float up theory of globalization?
this is how profit is made. if unevenness disappears, product margins would disappear and you'd have a crisis
uneven development happens on backs of workers
core, periphery, semi-periphery
core: developed
periphery: under developed
semi-periphery: developing
all of these can be transformed in relations to production and consumption
restructuring
labor markets, deregulation, shift in state role from intervention to facilitation of accumulation, opening local spaces to global competition
patterns and processes have everything to do with conditions and resources - energy, land carrying capacities, i
world bank
lends money to developing nations - develop spaces and make them semi-periphery and enroll in global capital system
actually just puts them into a lot of debt - ex. Haiti
desperate for work and willing to work for cheap labor because theyre in debt and ne
how does capitalism transform the landscape?
rates of development allow capitalism to spread to escape its own crises - called DIALECTICAL RELATION
primary activities
natural resources of any kind - agriculture, fishing, mining- sourcing a material
secondary activities
process, transform, fabricate or assemble the raw materials from primary sector - steel making, food processing, textiles
tertiary activities
sale and exchange of personal services - warehousing, retail stores, accounting
quaternary activities
handling and processing of knowledge and information - education, research and development, data processing
new markets and new types of labor - these have an effect on the rest of the 3 activities
what do all four of the activities explain?
life of a commodity
colonialism
periphery supplies core with materials and labor - minority/cultural division
international division of labor
less developed countries supply more developed
new international division of labor
multi national corporations develop production - facilities in less developed countries (at lower skill end of production process)
spatial division of labor
concentration of production sectors/tasks in certain geographic areas
gendered divisions of labor
unequal pay, gender bias in hiring practices - women easier to manage/control
uneven division of household labor - social reproduction - women do a disproportionate share of this labor
reproductive labor
reproducing life - next generation of labor
child rearing, care - gendered and devalued
factories hire next generation of workers
Luddsim
social movement of textile artisans who broke stocking/weaving frames to protest the speed up and devaluation of their work through mechanization - especially at the beginning of industrial revolution
industrial capitalism puts many out of jobs
shifting cultivation
tropical forests, farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate - can only support low pop. densities
crop rotation
fields remain the same but the crops planted are changed to balance the types of nutrients withdrawn from and delivered to the soil
slash and burn
existing plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period and then ignited. Burning adds nutrients to the soil
swidden
after slash and burn - when land is ready for cultivation
intertillage
mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same tillage
double cropping
in milder climates, fields planted and harvested more than once a year
1st agricultural revolution
seed agriculture and use of plow and draft animals
large belt of cultivated land
domestication of plants and animals - settled ways of life
2nd agricultural revolution
improvements in crop and livestock yields
innovations - replace ox with horse
new inputs - fertilizers and field drainage systems
coincided with industrial revolution
private property relations emerged
commercial market for food
3rd agricultural revolution
late 19th-20th C
mechanization: replacement of human farm labor with machines - tractors, combines (input focused)
chemical farming: application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil to enhance yields - pesticides (input focused)
food manufacturing: adds e
agricultural industrialization
farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agriculture production to being one part of an integrated multilevel industrial process - production, storage, processes
unfolded as capitalist economic system become more advanced and widespread
changes in rur
green revolution
core countries exporting fertilizer and high-yielding seeds to periphery and sending new machines and institutions, all to increase global agricultural productivity
nontraditional agricultural exports
fruit, vegetables, flowers - crops that contrast with traditional exports such as coffee and sugar
contract farming
agreement between farmers and processing or marketing firms for the production, supply, and purchase of agricultural products
biorevolution
genetic engineering of plants and animals and has the potential to outstrip the productivity increases of the green revolution
biotechnology
uses living organisms to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
biopharming
genes from other life forms are inserted into host plants - engineering plants so they produce pharmaceuticals
aquaculture
growing of aquatic creatures in ponds on shore or in pens suspended in water
ex. vietnam shrimp
cost/price squeeze
simultaneous decrease in selling prices and rise in production costs that reduce a business's profit margin
ex. shrimp prices fell 50% while diesel prices doubled, leading to cost price squeeze for shrimpers
blue revolution
shifted primary sector activities toward a greater dependence on capitalized inputs - fuel, feed - instead of human labor and natural productivity
globalized agriculture
modern agriculture is increasingly dependent on an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization
agribusiness
set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product
food chain
composed of 5 central and connected sectors - inputs, production, processing, distribution, and consumption - it also has 4 contextual elements acting as external mediating forces - state, international trade, physical environment, and credit and finance
food regime
specific set of links that exist between food production and consumption
ways of a particular type of food item is dominant during a specific time period
wheat and meat regime until 1960s
fresh fruit and veggies regime currently dominates
organic farming
farming or animal husbandry that occurs without the use of commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones
conventional farming
uses chemicals - plant protectants and fertilizers and intensive hormone based practices to breed and raise animals
local food
organically grown and its designation as local means that if it is produced within a fairly limited distance from where its consumed
urban agriculture
establishment or performance of agricultural practices in or near an urban city like setting
fordism
increase production while simultaneously stabilizing the lives of workers loyalty (when factory was in one place)
higher wages enabled workers to maintain families and importantly afford the products they produced
organized for mass production assembly
wo
economic geography
development and the spatial distribution of capital/economic systems
when people sell their labor, what emerges?
class system
capitalists and people who cant make a living so they sell their labor - these two depend on each other
fordism
pay workers enough so they can afford the item they made and therefore they become consumers
depend on stabilizing lives of workers - produce a new generation of workers
build a consumer
large scale, mass assembly
stabilized in one place
speed time compression
speed up in transportation, new info technologies. fragmentation of production
transnational corporations change the geography of their production
neo fordism
mass production coupled with mass consumption
commodity chain analysis
global network involved in making a commodity from start to finish
economic and political regulations in place - borders are fluid or solid
producer-driven commodity chains - cards, aerospace, computers
recently consumer driven: food and apparel industrie
commodity fetishism
value is a basic property of a commodity - rather than being added via labor
forget about social relations that go into an object
masks relations of exploitation
compare inter personal relation between person and object
free trade zones
spaces of loosened restrictions/regulations to attract corporations and investments
put economic pressure on a space
international trade agreements
maquiladoras (sister factories): light assembly factory, low skilled, gendered, poverty wage rates, low reg
struggle for workers rights
effort to improve working conditions by banning together collectively
issues: wages, hours, health, safety
collective bargaining: tool for negotiation and representation in the face of unequal, equal and power relations
union busting and strike breaking
hire private companies to break the strike or bust the workers union
pinkertons - used agitation, intimidation, and many other legal and illegal methods to disrupt worker solidarity
today, such activities continue around the world, carried out by paramili
slow food
resist fast food by preserving the cultural cuisine and the associated food and farming of an ecoregion
fast food
edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly in packaged form in a restaurant
peri urban agriculture
on urban fringes
why is obesity increasing in the periphery?
economic growth, modernization, globalization
what is agriculture a relationship between?
biophysical and human systems
malnutrition
develops when the body doesn't get the right amount of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function
food security
assured access to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives
access to safe, healthy food is UNEVENLY distributed
food sovereignty
the right of people, communities, and countries to define their own agricultural labor, fishing, food and land policies that are ecologically socially economically and culturally appropriate to their unique circumstances
GMO
organism that has had its DNA modified in a lab rather than through cross-pollination or other forms of evolution
what factors go into food production?
sourcing, cognitive, productive, and marketing labor
what does food hide?
the labor that goes into our food
material labor
commodity production - factory, farm
material production
shift in production
service and immaterial labor
material production to services, tertiary and quaternary sectors of the economy - don't have a commodity attached to them but are related to a commodity
what else is getting consumed besides products?
space
going o see spaces that are rare
nature has become an object to commodify
global tourism
entertainment sector
people consume the space
immaterial labor
consumption of an identity - ex. cuban women smoking cigars and we want to take a picture of them but once we take a picture they ask for money - using their identity to get money
unequal acce
india and water
massive extractions from common groundwater resources - decline in groundwater table; large portion of population makes a living in agriculture
indiscriminate dumping of wastewater into fields and rivers
products containing high levels of pesticides
EX. g
who has rights to access a certain resource
privatize a resource and make people pay to use it
private property vs. social property
sub altern
most marginalized people in a society
can these people use/have a voice; don't have a voice in their own space
anti-globalization movements; post-colonial
NAFTA and the Zapatistas
revolt by indigenous people
use of emerging technology to mobilize international support, solidarity, and visibility in the face of Mexican state and paramilitaries violence and oppression
media controls representations of people in different places - mak
2nd ag. revolution
rise in urban industrial workforce and commercial market for food
technological and biological innovations - changes way were farming
3rd ag. revolution
transformations in exchange, production, finance and debt
revolutions enable overproduction - produces a crisis (produce more than you can sell)
overproduction produces new sectors - ex. packaging, canning
need spaces to get out of a crisis - unevenness o
socio-spatial dialectic
how society effects/produces space, how space effects society
ex. classroom/lecture hall arrangement
SOCIAL LIFE AND SPACE CO-CONSTITUTE EACH OTHER/MAKE EACH OTHER
SOCIAL RELATIONS AND SPATIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
EX. FACTORIES EMERGE, AG INDUSTRIALIZATION - S
time space compression
world getting smaller, communication, transportation - easier for us to reach far distances (ex. Skype)
neoliberalism
trade barriers opening, NAFTA, deregulation - government losing power because they cant control trade areas - goods, tariffs, labor
kinds of labor
immaterial: service, info technology, knowledge production - no commodity is end result
material product/commodity
reproductive: parents, labor/reproduction in house, housework, child rearing, gendered space, invisible
Differentiation/interrelation
places, spatial phenomenon that singles the place - interdependence
colonialism, economic systems transferred around earth - globalization/world system spatial phenomena define a space - has relations to other spaces
EX. REGIONALIZATION, CORN BELT, MAQUIL
alterity
didn't look like a colonizer, self-hatered hegemony at scale of the body
political relation between bodies, social difference between bodies, social relationship of otherness
ex. racial differences - black vs. white