Urbanization
Growth of cities, and people moving into the cities.
Belo Horizonte
Program in Brazil; government sold food cheap 2%, .5%
Water Wars
Bolivio; water increased in price because of a private owner. Neo-liberal policy; 1997-2000 late 90's
Gas Wars
Cost of gas increased in Boliovia Early 2000s
Tokaido Corridor
Contain 65% instance of urban primacy
Super conurbation: Japan
The Two Lefts
Bolivia Extreme
Completely socialist and capitalist
Urban Millennium
Past the 50/50 threshold rural to urban
2000-2010
Public Health Challenges in Curitiba
Biggest Slum in Africa, piles of trash (mostly plastic bags)
Mosquitoes
Silent Revolution
Talking about social solutions
Global Trends
Sub-Saharan Africa
China--continue to get bigger, flock to the city
India--Munbai (durve, slum)
Slums
Durvia and Kibera
Curitiba in Brazil
Green City
high amount of green space (natural life)
70% recycle
Components of urban sustainability model:
-public transportation
-green space
-recycling
-social services
Urban Food Security
Food security/insecurity--not sure where food is going to come from next
Belo Horizonte:
-Brazil
-Local government (character of area)
-Cost 2% of annual budget
Cuba's 2nd Revolution
-Food shortage due to Soviet Union Crash
(Alie's provide a lot of aid, traded)
-People started to farm and garden
Latin America Inequalities and Policies
*Bolivia
-60% poor
-highest in western region
-water wars
-gas wars
-Evo Marates (President)
*Brazil
-President Lula's Goals
-Silent Revolution
-Bolsa Family
Sub-Saharan Africa
-Human Development ranking--Bottom 1/3
-Education Enrollment--Primary
-HIV/AIDS--22.5% infected and highest in south
-Female Circumcision--Culture practice (Sudan)
Hukou System
-Mao Zedong
-1958
-Refers to the household registration system that divides China's urban population into two castes--privileged official residents and marginalized migrants
-Initiated to control internal migration
-Product of centralized economy of the 1
Sweat Shops
-Workers are underpaid and overworked
-Face unsafe or unhealthy working conditions, and maybe physically abused
-Child labor is a huge issue
-Located where labor laws are weak or not enforced and are more common in undeveloped countries
-More prevalent am
Leftist Governments in Latin America
-Due to recent development
-Reduce poverty while maintaining growth
-Some are more radical and express a desire to totally break with neoliberalism
-Lula de Silva has been able to decrease poverty through aggressive social justice policies
SEWA
An organization that provides support in maternal and child care, increased food security, education and literacy, decreased domestic violence, legal aid, financial support (SEWA bank), and vocational instruction; and enables women economically and within
AIDS Epidemic in Africa
-22.5 million have AIDS
-10% of world's population
-75% of the people living with HIV/AIDS
Female Circumcision in East and West of North-Central Africa
-80-100%
-Sudah, Egypt, Mali, Samalia
Food Insecurity
2 billion lack food security
. Curitiba, Brazil has the highest rate of recycling in the country. Approximately ________ of the city's waste is recycled.
70%
__________ is recognized as the world leader in urban planning and sustainability.
Curitiba
Havana's residents started and expanded their food growing efforts in response to food shortages, a crisis which resulted primarily due to __________.
the collapse of the Soviet Union
Poverty across Latin America is persistent and widespread. Approximately, _______ are poor in Latin America, even though the region's countries are generally classified as _________.
2 in 5; middle-income countries
Bolivia is rich in mineral and energy resources, especially natural gas. Yet, in spite of the abundance of natural resources _______ of Bolivia's population is poor.
60%
Approximately 65% of __________ population lives in the 300-mile Tokaido Corridor.
Japan's
Cuba's "second revolution" implies _________.
large scale organic agriculture efforts that took place since the mid-1990s
The fundamental components of the urban sustainability role model we discussed in class are ___________.
public transportation, green space, recycling and social services
What were the 'water wars' in Bolivia over?
There were substantial increases in water bills after privatization of urban water systems
Brazil's Belo Horizonte successfully wiped out hunger among its citizens by ____________.
actively adopting neoliberal policies which have led to increased privatization of services
Why rapid urban growth?
Rural to urban migration
Foreign direct investment
Rapid industrial growth
Employment
In 2025____of Chinese will live in cities with more than 1 million people
70%
________of Indians will live in cities with more than 1 million people
46%
Low urbanization rate:
46%
China's urban population to reach _____within 20 years.
One Billion
Rapid Urban Growth in India:
30% urban
Challenges in India and China
-Environmental: congestion, water shortages, air pollution, lack of sanitary facilities
-Socio-economic: Poverty, unemployment, homelessness,
Urban inequalities in India and China
The world's first $1 billion home, a 27-story tower in Mumbai
YET...
50% of the population of Mumbai earns less than $135 each month
Slums in India and China
Slums: 59%
Mumbai's Dharavi
Inequalities in Latin America
-Top 1/10: 48%
-Bottom 1/10: 1.6%
-Income inequality:
declined in the 1970s
increased in the 1980s
no clear pattern in the 1990s
-Widespread poverty:
2 in 5 are poor
"middle-income" countries
Bolivia
-2/3: indigenous people
Mineral and energy resources:
-60% poor
Bolivia: The water wars
-1999: Bolivia signs contract with Aguas del Tunari for Cochabamba's water and sewer system
Water price increase by 35%
$20 ($100)
-Protests:
Jan 1999 - April 2000
Global proportion of urban population
1900: 13% (220 million)
1950: 29% (732 million)
2005: 49% (3.2 billion)
2030: 60% (4.9 billion)
-"The Urban Millennium"
Developing world:
93% of the growth
_________ is the LARGEST city in India.
Mumbai
Cities in Latin America (Rapid urbanization)
1950s: 40% urban
2000: 75% urban
**90%: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay & Venezuela
Cities in Latin America--Largest cities:
Mexico City, Sao Paulo (18-20 million)
Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro (11-13 million people)
The characteristics of Latin American cities
3-4 X larger than other cities in the country
Urbanization trends in Africa
-Uneven urbanization:
Urban population 1/3
West and S. Africa
-Rapid urban growth:
2050: � population urban
Primate cities
-Lagos
10 million
48x bigger than in 1950
Urbanization in East Asia:
1) uneven rates of urbanization'
2) why China lagging behind?
China at 37% because of Hukuo System
Hong Kong 100%
South Korea: Urban primacy
city--Seoul
population--10.78 million
Japan is a________?
Superconurbation
The 300-mile Tokaido Corridor is ______of Japan's population
65%
Urban sustainability
The goal of improving the social and economic conditions of an increasingly urbanized population while maintaining environmental quality
Urban challenges
-1960s: unchecked growth
430,000 people
sprawl, congestion and development
proposals for urban design
-1965: Master Plan
high density development
public transportation
express bus service
-1970s: Master Plan implemented
What is one child policy?
-Family planning policy: 1978
-Couples are limited to one child:
-Exemptions: 35%
The effects of one child policy
-fertility rates:
3+ (1980) to 1.8 (2008)
250 million less births
-Social impact:
Traditional extended family
Abortions and sterilizations
Female suicides
-Genocide or gendercide
Gendercide
-Why gendercide?
Roots predates communism
Male-child (cultural) preference
Sex-selective abortions
Murders of baby girls
Orphans
(Foreign) adoption
-100 million girls
Gender inequality
-Global average:
105 vs. 100
Gender inequality in China
-Gender inequality- off balance:
120 boys /100 girls
130+ in some areas
-Shortage of women of marriageable age:
Rural areas
Sex trafficking
Current human development trends
-� of population:
less than $2 per day
-The lowest 1/3 of the HDI rankings
Declines in life expectancy and per capita income
Primary education
-Global illiteracy:
1 in 5
-The developing world:
86%
-S-S Africa lags:
1990: 53%
2003: 64%
...yet, less than 50%:
B. Faso, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger
40 million receive no education
Explaining low enrollments
-Obstacles:
financial
$5,000+ vs. $100
2.4% of the world's public education resources
15% of the global school-age population
labor participation
diseases
conflicts and wars
-Gender, culture and tradition
AIDS epidemic in Africa
22.5 million:
10% of the world's population
75% of the people living with HIV/AIDS
Southern Africa
4/5 of the world's HIV-infected women
12 million children
The health divide and maternal death
Women in a least developed country
300 X more likely to die (80% of deaths can be avoided)
Global trends in slum population
-Nearly 1 billion people:
2 billion by 2030
-As % of urban population:
World: 32%
Developed world: 6%
Developing world: 43%
Least developed world: 78%
Slums
Dharavi, Mumbai (1 million)
Kibera, Nairobi (1 million)
Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro (300,000)
Kibera: Africa's largest slum and home for 60% of Nairobi's population
Slums in Africa
-60% of urban dwellers
-Sub-Saharan Africa: 70+%
Rapid growth expected
-Deep inequalities
Rapid urban growth
Brazil: Inequalities
-The richest 10% of Brazilians receive 50% of the nation's income
-The poorest 10% of Brazilians receive less than 1% percent
Race and educational inequalities in Brazil
-1940:
50 vs. 20%
-2000:
90 vs. 80%
Political response to Brazil's Inequalities
-President Lula:
Worker's Party
2003-2010
-Social policies:
Top of his agenda
Bolsa Familia (Family Allowance)
Fome Zero (Zero Hunger)
Social policies: Goals in Brazil
Bolsa familia:
Flagship program
Conditional cash transfer program:
School and vaccination
Largest in the world
"Opportunity NYC"
Short term:
Current poverty & inequality
Long term:
Human development
Skilled labor force
Social policy: Approach in Brazil
Bolsa familia:
44 million:
2/3 extremely poor: $17 a month
Northeast
$12 per month/child attending school
Conditional financial aid (debit card)
Social policy: Results in Brazil
-20% of the drop in inequality
-Drop in child labor
-More children attend school:
4.4% overall
11.7% in NE
-More children EAT:
in public schools 1 meal a day
incentive to send children to school
-NE benefits most: closing the gap with the South
Social policy: Cost in Brazil
0.5% of total GDP:
Poverty, inequality, public health and education
Kibera, one of the largest slums in Sub-Saharan Africa, is found in __________.
Kenya
The urban system in _________ has the MOST pronounced urban primacy phenomenon in East Asia.
Japan
__________ has the lowest rate of urbanization in East Asia.
China
___________ is one of the two largest cities in Latin America.
Sao Paolo
______________ has the highest slum population PERCENTAGE relative to the continent's TOTAL urban population.
Sub-Saharan Africa
China is undergoing a rapid urban growth. It is expected that by 2025 ___________ cities will especially increase in size and numbers.
midsized and mega