culture
the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs
social classes
groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education, or other criteria
ethnic group
groups of people who share a common language, history, place of origin, or combination of these elements
government
a system through which a society maintains social order, provides public services, ensures national security, and supports its economic well being
language
means of communicating information and experiences and passing on values and tradition,
one of the strongest unifying forces for a culture
religion
-system of belief and worship
-ethical values
culture region
division of earth based on a common human (cultural) characteristics
cultural diffusion
the spreading of new knowledge or skills from one culture to another
culture hearth
early centers of civilization whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas
hearth
family, life, and home
Middle america
Mesopatamia
Yellow river valley
Indus valley
Nile valley
5 culture hearths
diffuse
to spread or scatter
agricultural revolution
the shift from gathering food to producing food
civilization
high organized, city like societies with an advance knowledge of farming, trade, science, government, and art
linguists, language families
________- scientists who study language, divide the world's languages into ________- large groups of languages that `have similar roots
unifying, dividing
religion can serve as a ______ or _____ force
religion
shapes daily life in the aspect of moral values, religious celebrations, and holidays as well as cultural expressions such as painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and dance
family, social classes, ethnic groups
the primary types of social systems are:
economic activities
people in all cultures participate in _______________ in order to ensure that their needs are met- food shelter, water, etc..
geographers
______ analyze how a culture-
- Utilizes its natural resources to meet their needs
- Produces, obtains, uses, and sells goods and services
Includes a variety of factors such as history, government, social groups, economic systems, language, religion, clothing, housing, food, or art forms
what are human (cultural) characteristics?
new ideas, lifestyles, and inventions, trade, movement of people, war
what creates changes within a culture?
nomad
having no fixed home, moving from place to place in search of food, water, or grazing land
agricultural diffusion
cultural diffusion throughout history
sedentary
as the earth warmed about 10,000 years ago, many of these nomads settles in river valleys and on fertile plains becoming __________
sedentary
living in one area
culture hearths
the world's first civilizations arose in _________
they all emerged from farming settlements in areas with mild climates, and fertile land and were located near a major source of water
what geographic features do the five culture hearths have in common?
specialized jobs
_______ led to an increase in the creation of food for trade as well as the development of technology to facilitate trade
agricultural revolution
With more food available due to the ____________, there was less of a need for everyone to farm hence people were able to develop other ways of making a living such as specializing in specific skilled jobs.
cities
the increased wealth from trade led to the rise of ____
coordinate harvests
plan building projects
manage an army for defense
rulers of cities needed a well-organized government to.... ? (3 things)
writing system
a _______ also developed in order to record and transmit information
voluntary, forced
some people also began to internally and internationally migrate through both ______ and ______ migration
250
cultural diffusion has increased rapidly over the past _____ years
1700-1800
in the ________ many countries began to industrialize
industrialization
using power driven machines and factories to mass produce goods
economies
industrialization allowed goods to be produces more quickly and cheaply, this caused a dramatic change in the _______ of industrialized nations
computers
at the end of the 1900s, _______ made it possible to store huge amounts of possible to store huge amounts of information and send that information all around the world instantly thus linking cultures of the world more closely than ever before
acculturation
the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact
assimilation
the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country here another country dominates
cultural relativism
the position that the values and standard of cultures differ and deserve respect
ethnocentrism
the tendency to view one is culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people to that of your own
enculturation
the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations
globalization
the accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically, w/ mass media, & modern systems
international culture
cultural tradition that extends beyond national boundaries
national culture
cultural beliefs, experiences, behavior patterns, and values shared by citizen of the same nation
sub-culture
different cultural symbol-based traditions associated with sub-groups in the same complex community
migration
the movement of people from place to place
pull factor
conditions that attract people to a new place
push factors
factors which drive people away from a place
internal migration
population movement within a country
immigration
to enter, and then settle in a country of region to which one is not native
emigration
to leave one country or region to settle in another
urbanization
the movement of people from rural areas into cities
metropolitan areas
cities and their surrounding urbanized areas
voluntary migration
a move made by choice
mobility
the quality of moving freely
forced migration
a move made against one wishes
natural disasters
conflict
development, policies and projects
what are the primary causes of forced migration?
displaced
people who are forced to migrate
refugees
people who flee to another country to escape persecution or disaster
trafficked people
people who are moved by deception or coercion for the purposes of exploitation. the profit from these people comes from the sale of their sexual services or labor in the country of destination
6.6 billion
about _______ people now live on earth
demography
the study of human populations
rates
are often used, instead of absolute numbers to determine how frequently a population or demographic event is occurring- they show how common an event is and make it possible to compare countries that vary greatly in terms of population size
birthrate
the number of births per year for 1000 people
total fertility rate
the average total number of birth per woman for a country
life expectancy
the average number of years an individual is expected to live based on statistics on current conditions
death rate
the number of deaths per year for every 1000 people
infant mortality rate
the number of deaths each year of infants under 1 year of age 1000 live births
global population
________ is growing so rapidly because birthrates have not declined as fast as death rates
annual growth rate
the change in population due to births, deaths, and net migration expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period
natural increase
growth rate of a population; calculated as the difference between an area's birthrate and it's death rate
better medicine, technology, and living conditions
why have death rates gone down in many places throughout the world over the past 200 years?
zero population growth
the birthrate and the death rate are equal
doubling time
the number of years it takes a population to double in size
overpopulation
when an organisms numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat
-increase in the birthrates
-decline in death rates
-medical advances
-increase in immigration
-decrease in emigration
what causes overpopulation?
-inadequate fresh water
-depletion of natural resources
-increased pollution
-deforestation and loss of ecosystems
-climate change/global change
-poverty
-increased chance of new epidemics
-food shortage
-strained health care system
-elevated crime rate
-
what problems results from overpopulation?
negative population growth
occurs when the annual death rate exceeds the annual birthrate
shortage of workers to keep the population going
what problems might result from negative population growth?
population distribution
the pattern of human settlement where the people live
30%
only ____ of the earth's surface is land and roughly 2/3 of that land is inhospitable (unfavorable conditions)
europe and asia
are the most densely populated continents
asia
____ contains more than 60% of the world's people
population density
the average number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land
crowded
geographers use population density to measure how ______ a country of region is
divide
to calculate population density, ____ the total population of the country by it's total land area
densities
if countries have roughly the same number of people but different land areas then they will have different population _______
average
because population density is an _______, it does not account for uneven population distribution within a country- which is common
describe
some geographers prefer to _____ a country's population density in terms of land that can be used to support the population other than total land areas