Macrophages are immune cells that:
A.) engulf and destroy bacteria
B.) produce antibodies
C.) secrete the mucous that lines the upper respiratory tract.
D.) Kill cells infected by viruses
engulf and destroy bacteria
Which of the following is NOT an endotoxin:
A.) Lipopolysaccharide
B.) Lipotechoic acid
C.) Peptidoglycan
D.) Spe toxin
Spe toxin
Bacillus anthracis has an infection dose 50 (ID50) of 100 colony forming units (CFU). Streptococcus pneumoniae has an ID50 of 10000 CFU. Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the data above?
A.)Bacillus anthracis is more pathogenic
Bacillus anthracis is more pathogenic than Streptococcus pneumonia.
Chuck D., 35 visits Lee Urgent Care, complaining of a sore throat. Upon examination Chuck presents with erythematous rash on the back of his throat. A throat swab sample contains gram-positive cocci. Which organism below is responsible for Chuck's illness
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which of the following is appropriate treatment for Chuck D.?
A.) Penicillin
B.) Chloramphenicol
C.) Levofloxacin
D.) None of the above are adequate
Penicillin
Which of the following is an example of commensalism?
A.) Micrococcus luteus living on human skin causing no harm nor providing and benefit to the human host.
B.) E. coli living in the human intestinal tract providing the human host vitamins B and K
C.) S
Micrococcus luteus living on human skin causing no harm nor providing and benefit to the human host.
CD-4 T Cells:
A.) Produce antibodies
B.) engulf and destroy bacteria
C.) Control, supress, and activate immune response and inflammation through cell-cell interactions and/or release of cytokines
D.) recognize and kill virally infected cells, tissue trans
Control, supress, and activate immune response and inflammation through cell-cell interactions and/or release of cytokines
The natural reservoir for Mycobacteria tuberculosis is:
A.) Soil
B.) Water
C.) Humans
D.) Flea
Humans
Latent tuberculosis infection involves:
A.) destruction of all mycobacterium tuberculosis cells in the lung
B.) disemination of all mycobacterium tuberculosis cells in the lungs into the rest of the body
C.) infection of the brain
D.) Dormant Mycobacteriu
Dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells that remain alive in the lung but immobilized by the host immune response
Which of the following antibodies is primarily found in the mucous lining epithelial cells of tissues?
A.) IgG
B.) IgM
C.) IgD
D.) IgA
IgA
Exotoxins are:
A.) Proteins actively secreted by bacteria that damage the host.
B.) Bacterial products or components that are released by the bacteria as part of the normal growth and cause an immune response
C.) Virulence genes transferred from the bacte
A
Which immune cell will produce the most antibody?
A.) CD4 T-Cell
B.) Plasma B-Cell
C.) Natural Killer Cell
D.) Memory B-Cell
Plasma B-Cell
Which type of cell below does NOT phagocytose bacterial invaders?
A.) Neutrophil
B.) Dendritic Cell
C.) Macrophage
D.) CD8 T Cell
D.) CD8 T Cell
Which of the following complement products acts as an opsonin:
A.) C1
B.) C2a
C.) C3a
D.) C3b
D.) C3b
Malaria is a disease caused by the Plasmodium falciparum. Humans contract the disease through a bite of an Anopheles mosquito. This is an example of what kind of disease transmission?
A.) Direct transmission
B.) Indirect transmission
C.) Opportunistic inf
B.) Indirect transmission
T cell receptors on CD4 T-cells:
A.) Interact with peptide antigens presented by MHC II protein on the surface of antigen presenting cells
B.) Interact with peptide antigens presented by MHC I protein on the surface of antigen presenting cells
C.) Recogni
A.) Interact with peptide antigens presented by MHC II protein on the surface of antigen presenting cells
The growth of an activated T cell after interaction with a specific antigen is called:
A.) Clonal Expansion
B.) B cell Selection
C.) Induced Proliferation
D.) None of the above
A.) Clonal Expansion
Which of the following is generally true of AB toxins?
A.) AB toxins are composed of two subunits: the A subunit binds the cells and delivers the B-subunit to the cytoplasm; the B subunit has toxic activity.
B.)AB toxins are composed of two subunits and b
D.) AB toxins are composed of two subunits: the B subunit binds the cell and delivers the A-subunit to the cytoplasm; the A subunit has toxic activity.
In epidemiology, HIV infection is currently defined as a(n):
A.) endemic
B.) epidemic
C.) pandemic
D.) philodemic
pandemic
What role does inflammation play during an immune response?
A.) inflammation limits the spread of infection from the initial infection site
B.) inflammation helps to localize immune cells to the site of infection
C.) inflammation results in pain making th
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of herd immunity?
A.) Brucellosis is no longer found in farm animals in the United States.
B.) If 90% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population due to a la
If 90% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population due to a lack of susceptible hosts.
Normal flora _______ colonization of pathogenic organisms.
A.) Promote
B.) prevent
C.) Maintain
D.) accelerate
prevent
The adaptive immunity response is directed at pathogen molecules called:
A.) Antigens
B.) Antibodies
C.) Endotoxins
D.) PAMPs
Antigens
Which of the following outcomes of a human encounter with a microorganism is NOT true?
A.) The human may be transiently colonized with the microorganism
B.) The human may be permanently colonized with the microorganism
C.) The colonizing microorganism wil
The colonizing microorganism will always cause disease in the human.
True or False: The oral cavity is considered a sterile body site and contains no normal flora bacteria.
A.) Ture
B.) False
False
Infants suffering from infant botulism are treated by intravenous delivery of BabyBig, an antibody to botulism toxin manufactured using horses. This type of treatment is referred to as:
A.) Passive immunization
B.) Active immunization
C.) Zoonotic immuniz
Passive immunization
Which of the following is an example of an infection by an opportunistic pathogen:
A.) Staphylococcus aureus on a piece of wood entering a wound via a splinter ad causing a cutaneous infection
B.) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, normal flora of the nasopharynx, e
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, normal flora of the nasopharynx, enters the lung of a cystic fibrosis patient causing pneumonia
Which of the following is NOT true about biofilms:
A.) In a biofilm, microorganisms are embedded in extracellular polymeric substance composed of protein, polysacharride and nucleic acid.
B.) Biofilms are typically composed of a single species of microorg
Biofilms are typically composed of a single species of microorganism
True or false: The normal flora of the human skin is uniform, meaning that the same microorganisms are present at each skin site (ex. armpit and forehead)
A.) True
B.) False
False
Which of the following immune cells is responsible for the production of antibody?
A.) Macrophages
B.) T-Cells
C.) B-Cells
D.) Natural Killer Cells
B-Cells
Cell to cell communication between cells in the immune system mediated by small protein factors known as:
A.) Cytokines
B.) Hormones
C.) Phermones
D.) Interferons
Cytokines
Differentiation of stem cells into lymphocytes occurs in the:
A.) Spleen
B.) Liver
C.) Bone Marrow
D.) Kidney
Bone Marrow
True or False: The lymphatic system is an open circulatory system that relies on muscle contraction to circulate lymph fluid.
A.) True
B.) False
True
A _______ is a disease that primarily infects animals but can be transmitted to humans.
A.) nosocmial infection
B.) zoonosis
C.) Verctor infection
D.) Munurane
zoonosis
An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents between host is most appropriately called a:
A.) Fomite
B.) Carrier
C.) Vector
D.) Resevoir
Fomite
Disease _____ is measures by the total number of new reported disease cases within a population over a period of time.
A.) incidence
B.) frequency
C.) morbidity
D.) prevalence
incidence
Over time, the relationship between a pathogen and a naive susceptible population tends towards:
A.) the extinction if the host
B.) the extinction of the pathogen
C.) a balance between host and pathogen such that both are maintained
D.) the extinction of
a balance between host and pathogen such that both are maintained.
Which of the following is an example of a cytolytic exotoxin?
A.) Vibrio cholera Cholera toxin which upregulates cAMP production causes and efflux of ions and water out of the cell
B.) Streptococcus pyrogenes Spe toxin which causes an inappropriate inflam
Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin which forms pores in the membranes of cells causing cell lysis.
A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the worl is called a(n):
A.) endemic
B.) epidemic
C.) sporadic
D.) pandemic
pandemic
Lyme's Disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdoferi which infects deer and is trasmitted to humans by tick bites from ticks who have previously fed on infected deer. Lyme's disease is a zoonosis where the deer is the _____ and the tick acts as th
Reservoir, vector
The process by which a macrophage, neutrophil, or dendritic cell engulfs and destroys microorganisms is called:
A.) Exocytosis
B.) Macrocytosis
C.) Phagocytosis
D. Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
True or False: B-Cells can make all five classes of antibody without interacting with CD4 T-cells:
A.) Ture
B.) False
False
Which of the following complement activation pathways requires antibody bonding the surface of a bacterium?
A.) Mannose Binding Lectin Pathway
B.) Alternative Complement Activation
C.) Classical Complement Activation
D.) Adaptive Complement Activation
Classical Complement Activation
In general _____ are the best immunogens, _____ are weaker immunogens, and _____ are poor immunogens.
A.) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
B.) nucleic acids and lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
C.) carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucle
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids