Causes of WWI
-Nationalism causes rivalry between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France (France had never gotten over loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in Franco-Prussian War (1870) and Russia and Austria-Hungary both trying to conquer Balk
Gavrilo Princip
19 year old Serbian revolutionary and member of the Black Hand, a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule, who shot arch duke ferdinand on june 28 1914 in sarajevo (capital of Bosnia)
Francis Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand (18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke, Austro-Hungarian and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Ser
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was created by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in December 1905. The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces n
Western Front
The Western Front was the name the Germans gave to a series of trenches that ran 700 kilometres from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border.
Impact of WWI
-Left behind death and destruction
-Starvation, disease, slaughter
-Devastating economic impact
-Disillusionment
-Peace agreements prompt mainly anger and resentment
Treaty of Versailles
-Signed by Germany and Allied Powers on June 28 1919
-Created League of Nations (international association to keep peace among nations)
-Punished Germany (lost territory and restrictions on military)
self-determination
the freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live
Russian Revolution
-series of revolutions in Russia 1917
-ended Tsarist autocracy
-The Emperor was forced to abdicate and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of March 1917 (The March Revolution was a revolution focused around
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 - 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.
He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) an
Rasputin
Russian peasant, mystic, faith healer and private adviser to the Romanovs. He became an influential figure in Saint Petersburg after August 1915 when Tsar Nicolas II took command of the army at the front.
There is much uncertainty over Rasputin's life and
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday was the name that came to be given to the events of 22 January 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard, approaching the c
Lenin
-Vladimir Ilyich Lenin born (22 April 1870 - 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier
Stalin
-Joseph Stalin (18 December 1878 - 5 March 1953), was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.
-Among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917, Stalin was appointed general secretary o
NEP
-The New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it "state capitalism".
-The NEP represented a more capitalism-oriented economic policy, deemed necessary after the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1
Five-Year Plans
Stalin outlined first of several 5 year plans for development of Soviet Union economy
Set impossibly high quotas to increase output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity
To meet these goals, government limited production of consumer goods and as result man
Sun Yixian
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 - 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary, first president and founding father of the Republic of China. As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of Chi
Jiang Jieshi
Jiang Jieshi (October 31, 1887 - April 5, 1975) was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975. Jiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang, the Chinese Nationalist Party, and was
Gandhi
-Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and fr
Salt March
-The Salt March, also mainly known as the Salt Satyagraha, began with the Dandi March on 12 March 1930, and was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the Bri
Mustafa Kemal
-Mustafa Kemal (19 May 1881 - 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, reformist statesman, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atat�rk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s. It wa
Weimar Republic
-The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It is named after Weimar, the city where the constitutio
Nicholas II
-Nicholas II (18 May 1868 - 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. Like other Russian Emperors he is commonly know
Fascism
-Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, combining more typically right-wing positions with elements o
Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 - 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party. He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as F�hrer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler was a
Mussolini
-Benito Mussolini (29 July 1883 - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropp
Mein Kampf
-In Mein Kampf, Hitler used the main thesis of "the Jewish peril", which posits a Jewish conspiracy to gain world leadership. The narrative describes the process by which he became increasingly antisemitic and militaristic, especially during his years in
Spanish Civil War
-The Spanish Civil War was fought from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939 between the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratically elected Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a rebel group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists prevailed, an
Anschluss
-The Anschluss was the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938.
-Austria was annexed into the German Third Reich on 12 March 1938. There had been several years of pressure by supporters in both Austria and Germany (by both Nazis and non-Nazi
Sudetenland
-The Sudetenland is the German name (used in English in the first half of the 20th century) to refer to those northern, southwest, and western areas of Czechoslovakia which were inhabited mostly by German speakers, specifically the border districts of Boh
containment
-Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and
appeasement
-Appeasement in a political context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict.
-The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to
Munich Conference
-The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined. The agreement was
genocide
the systematic killing of an entire people
Nazi Soviet Non-Agression Pact
-The Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and also known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact, was a non-aggression pact signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939.
-The pact's publicly stated intentions were
Winston Churchill
-Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 - 24 January 1965) was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of
Franklin D. Roosevelt
-Elected in 1932 after depression begins
-Began program of government reform called New Deal
-Large public works projects gave jobs to unemployed, large amounts of public money spent on relief projects and welfare, Roosevelt and government believed govern
D Day
-The Normandy landings (codenamed Operation Neptune) were the landing operations on 6 June 1944 (termed D-Day) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the
Midway
-The Battle of Midway in the Pacific Theater of Operations was one of the most important naval battles of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Navy (USN) decisively defeated an at
Stalingrad
-The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 - 2 February 1943) was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in the south-western Soviet Union. Marked by
Battle of Britain
-The Battle of Britain is the name given to the Second World War air campaign waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940.
-The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entir
Hiroshima
-During World War II, the 2nd General Army and Chugoku Regional Army were headquartered in Hiroshima, and the Army Marine Headquarters was located at Ujina port. The city also had large depots of military supplies, and was a key center for shipping.
-On M
Battle of the Bulge
-The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 - 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in
Yalta Conference
-The Yalta Conference, held February 4-11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Pr
iron curtain
-The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself
socialism
an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
communism
an economic system in which all means of production�land, mines, factories, railroads, and busi- nesses�are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact was a collective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was in part a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per th
NATO
-The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. ---The organization constitutes a system of collective defen
Mao Zedong
-Mao Zedong, (December 26, 1893 - September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he governed as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his d
NAFTA
-The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada-United Stat
Ho Chi Minh
-H? Ch� Minh (19 May 1890 - 2 September 1969), was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945-1955) and president (1945-1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the
Vietnam War
-The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of
Korean War
-The Korean War (25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953) was a war between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), in which a United Nations force dominated by the United States of America intervened to suppor
detente
-The term is often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford in the middle of the Cold War
interdependence
-Interdependence describes relationships in which members of the group are mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from a dependent relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not.
-In an interdependent relationship, partici
Brezhnev
-Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen-year term as General Secretary was second only to that
Gorbachev
-Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman. He was the seventh and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the country's head of state fro
Yeltsin
-Boris Yeltsin was a Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.
-Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political
Walesa
-Lech Wa??sa is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland fro
solidarity
Solidarity is unity (as of a group or class) that produces or is based on universities of interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies. It refers to the ties in a society that bind people together as one.
ethnic cleansing
-Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory with the intent of creating a territory inhabited by people of a homogeneous or pure ethnicity, religion, culture, and history. The forces applied may
global economy
all the financial interactions�involv-
ing people, businesses, and governments�that cross
international boundaries
terrorism
the use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies