Truman
Poland
President_was angry over Russia's refusal to allow free elections in_.
Democracy
Economic
Americans had fought to bring_and_opportunity to the conquered nations of Europe and Asia.
Markets
An economically strong and politically open world also served American interests by providing_for its products.
Soviets
The_were determined to rebuild in ways that would protect its own interests.
Satellite nations
Soviet domination
One way was to establish__, countries subject to__, on the western borders of the Soviet Union.
Capitalism
Totalitarian communist governments
The Soviets refused_and instead installed and supported___in Eastern Europe.
Eastern Europe
Nazis
The Soviets quickly gained control over__nations freed from the_.
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
East Germany
Soviet troops and communism took over:
Joseph Stalin
__predicted the ultimate triumph of communism over capitalism.
Cominform
Stalin established_, a Soviet agency intended to direct the activities of Communist parties throughout the world.
Winston Churchill
"Iron curtain
In a speech, __called on Americans to help keep Stalin from closing the__of communist domination and oppression around any more nations.
U.S.
Soviet Union
These events set the tone for the Cold War, the competition that developed between the_and__for power and influence in the world.
50 years
Political and economic
Military tensions
For__, the Cold War was characterized by___conflict and__.
Soviet-supported uprisings and invasions
Though never directly fighting, U.S. military forces did engage in combat in other nations in effort to defeat___and_.
Containment
The policy of_recognized the possibility that Eastern Europe was already lost to communism.
Soviet
Communist
It called for the U.S. to resist_attempts to form_governments elsewhere in the world.
Communists
Critics wanted the U.S. to push the_out of Eastern Europe.
Experts"
Containment
_claimed the Soviet system would eventually crumble so_became the cornerstone of America's Cold War foreign policy.
Turkey and Greece
Soviets threatened to take over_and_.
Great Britain
U.S.
__could no longer afford to provide aid to Turkey and Greece and suggested the_take over responsibility for defending the region.
Greece and Turkey
U.S. officials developed a plan to provide aid to_and_.
President Truman
Leadership
This action prompted__to call on the U.S. to take a_role.
Truman Doctrine
Communism
The_was a 1947 declaration by Truman that the U.S. would support nations being threatened by_.
$400 million
Military bases
Responding to Truman's plea, Congress approved__in aid for Greece and Turkey also establishing__in both countries.
Four decades
This policy would guide the U.S. for the next__.
Democracies
Economic recovery
The U.S. would help restore the war-torn nation's of Europe so that they might create stable_and achieve__.
Marshall Plan
The__called for the nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery from the war and then the U.S. would support them financially.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall
The plan was unveiled by______in 1947.
Soviets
Satellite nations
The_were invited to participate but refused and pressured its__to do so as well.
American scheme
"Buy it's way
The Soviets called the plan a vicious__for using dollars to___into European affairs.
17 West European
___nations joined the plan.
European Recovery Plan
In 1948, Congress approved the Marshall Plan, which was formally known as the___.
$13 billion
Over the next 4 years, the U.S. sent some__in grants and loans to Western Europe.
Restored
Trading
The region's economies were quickly_, and the U.S. gained strong_partners in the region.
West Germany
Reunification
In Germany, the Allies merged their three occupation zones to create__, because they became convinced that Stalin was not going to allow the_of Germany.
Berlin
West Germany
The western part of_which lay in the Soviet zone was to become part of__.
East Germany
The Soviets responded in 1949 by forming__.
East Berlin
West Berlin
U.S.
Canada
Western Europe
Thousand trying to escape communism fled to__and then crossed into capitalist__where they Books passage to freedom in the_,_,or__.
Stalin
West Berlin
_decided to close this escape route by forcing the western powers to abandon__.
Using West German money
Allied access
In June 1948, when a dispute developed over____in that city, the Soviets used it as an excuse to block__to West Berlin.
East Germany
All shipments to the city through__were banned.
Food
Supplies
2.5 million
The blockade threatened to create severe shortages of_and other_needed by the__people in West Berlin.
War
West Berlin
Truman did not want to start a_or lose__.
Berlin Airlift
Truman began the__which moved supplies into West Berlin by plane.
13,000 tons
Planes delivered food, fuel, and other supplies reaching nearly__per day.
Gave up the blockade in May 1949
Soviets_______and the airlift ended the following September.
United Nations
Soviet aggression
Western Europe needed to look beyond the__in protecting itself from__.
Canada
"Association of democratic peace-loving states
In 1946,_proposed creating an______to defend Western Europe against attack by the Soviets.
World affairs
Isolationism
Truman liked the idea and he wanted the U.S. to be a leader in__and avoid_.
11
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
In April 1949, the U.S. joined_other nations to form the____.
An armed attack against one or more of them...shall be considered an attack against them all.
Member nations agreed that_________________.
European affairs
The U.S. now became actively involved in__.
Warsaw Pact
The Soviet Union responded by forming the__with its satellite nations.
Quiz Line
Quiz Line
Atomic bomb
In 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested an__.
Hydrogen bomb
Destructive
Truman gave the go-ahead to develop a__, which was many more times_than the atomic bomb.
Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb)
The__was successfully tested in 1952.
Federal Civil Defense Administration
Nuclear attack
Truman created the____designed to give information on how to survive a__.
China's government
Communist revolutionaries
The struggle between__and__had been going on since the 1920s.
Mao Zedong
700,000
Communist__was strengthened during World War II and his army had grown to_.
China's countryside
Northern cities
After World War II, fighting continued and Zedong occupied much of__and many__.
Soviet threat
Truman decided not to help China's government deciding to focus on the__instead.
Communists
Taiwan
In early 1949, China fell to the_and the pro-democracy forces fled to_claiming to still be the ruling government of China.
Truman
Asia
Many Americans were angry with_for allowing China to fall to the communists and led many to call for the protecting of the rest of_from communists.
Japan
Koreans hoped their nation would be restored after_withdrew following World War II.
Soviet-occupied northern zone
American-occupied southern zone
However, in 1945 the Allies agreed to divide the nation temporarily into a____and an____.
Communist
Pro-American
The North became a_government while the South became a_government.
North Korean troops
South Korea
In June 1950, the Korean War broke out when___crossed into__aiming to reunite Korea by force.
South Korea
The United Nations called on its members to defend__.
General Douglas MacArthur
President Truman's choice to lead the U.N. forces in Korea was___.
Soviet tanks
Airpower
South Korea
With__and_, the North Koreans had swept__in just weeks.
Stretched thin
Weakness
MacArthur suspected that the North Koreans' rapid advance had left their supply lines__and he decided to strike at their_.
Inchon, in northwestern Korea
In September 1950, MacArthur landed troops at_,___, and attacked enemy supply lines from behind.
Communists
U.N. Troops
Trapped and their supplies cut off, the_retreated back into North Korea with__following behind.
Korea
South Korean
Korean leaders began to boast of reuniting_under__control.
Chinese communists
Pro-western nation
Such talk alarmed the__who did not want a___next door.
China
"Home by Christmas
_warned U.N. Troops not to come any farther; however, MacArthur ignored this and launched his___offensive.
Yalu River
South
Chinese troops poured across the__and pushed the U.N. Troops back into the_.
Stalemate
A_developed between two sides.
Second front
Chinese communists
MacArthur favored a__and wanted opposition forces in Taiwan to be returned to the mainland to attack the__.
Asia
Truman opposed this strategy fearing it would lead to widespread war in_.
MacArthur
Insubordination
_wrote a letter attacking Truman's policies and Truman fired MacArthur for_.
2
1953
The war dragged on for_more years until a truce was signed in_, leaving Korea divided at almost exactly the same place as before the war.
55,000 U.S. soldiers
113,000
___were killed with_being wounded.
Weapons superiority
The U.S. and USSR struggled to gain__.
Hydrogen bomb
In August 1953, the USSR successfully tested a__of its own.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Soviet nuclear threat
President___stepped up the American weapons development program to counter the new___.
750 times
Atomic bomb
Hydrogen bomb tested were conducted between 1954-1958 with these weapons being__more powerful than the__.
90 miles
Radiation burns
200 miles
Evacuated
Japanese fishermen__away suffered severe__and an island__away had to be_.
Air Force
The U.S. relied on their__to carry bombs to targets.
Intercontinental Ballistic missiles or ICBMs
Unable to match this strength, the Soviets focused on long-range rockets known as___or_, as their primary delivery system.
USSR
Missile development
The U.S. lagged behind the_in__.
Sputnik
Artificial satellite
The USSR showed their dominance by putting_, the first__to orbit Earth, into space.
Crash to Earth
Americans were mortified by this launch especially after watching a U.S. satellite___shortly after launch.
H-Bomb
Another fear prompted by Sputnik was the realization that the rocket used to launch it could also carry an_to the U.S. shores.
American spy plane
In May 1960, the USSR gain demonstrated their capabilities by shooting down an___over Soviet territory with a guided missile.
U-2
15 miles high
The plane was the_which flew___.
Immune
At such altitudes, American officials had assumed that spy was_to attack.
U-2
The_incident shattered this confidence.
Communism
Government officials launched programs to root out any element of_that might have infiltrated the U.S.
Federal employee loyalty program
Truman established a____in 1947.
Investigated
Existing employees
All new employees hired by the government were to be_and the FBI would check-up on__.
Loyalty Review Board
Those accused of disloyalty were brought before a___, where their case was reviewed in a hearing.
Disloyalty
Clear
Those accused of_often had little chance to defend themselves, and they found that the accusation alone made it difficult to_their names.
Millions
Few hundred
_were investigated, but only a__lost their jobs.
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
The____had been established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty on the eve of World War II.
Communist infiltration
Government agencies
Hollywood movie agency
It now began a post-War probe of__of__and the___.
HUAC
_charged the movies that had tremendous power to influence the public.
Hollywood actors and producers
Communist
In September and October 1947, HUAC called__and_to testify about being_.
Ten
(Hollywood Ten)
_of the accused communists invoked their 5th Amendment right and they were cited for contempt of Congress and served jail time(__).
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Atomic secrets
Soviets
____, a married couple who held radical views, were accused of passing__to the_during World War II.
Espionage
Executed
In 1953, the Rosenbergs were convicted of_and_.
Anti-communist passions
Security
The case was another event that inflamed___and focused attention on a possible internal threat to the nation's_.
Rosenbergs
Guilty
Release of Soviet records in 1991 seemed to indicate that the_were indeed_.