Renaissance (causes and effects)
Means rebirth of the classics (ancient Greek and Rome); served as a transition from the Dark ages to the modern era; movement that started in Italy (1300-1600); provided a new view of human beings; more (secular) worldly outlook; explosion in creativity t
Humanism
Main intellectual movement of the Renaissance; focus on the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, history); focus on human potential, achievement, self importance
Secular
Focus on worldly rather than spiritual or religious issues; wealthy, enjoy fine foods, home, clothing
Perspective
Technique used to represent three dimensional objects on a flat surface
Vernacular
Regional language of the masses; rather than Latin; allowed more people to read
Medici
Wealthy family that ran the government of Florence from behind the scenes; large patrons of the arts
Fresco
Painting done on wet fresh plaster with water-based paints
Michelangelo
painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling, statue of David
Leonardo Da Vinci
painted the Mona Lisa, Last Supper
Raphael
painted the School of Athens
Donatello
sculptor - bronze statue of David
Printing Press (FOCUS ON THE EFFECTS)
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg; helped spread ideas throughout Europe in different languages (Bible, 95 theses); made information more available; inexpensive to print
Protestant Reformation
Challenged the beliefs and corruption of the Catholic Church
English Reformation
Created the Anglican Church (Church of England)
Catholic Reformation
Reaffirmed the teachings of the church (Jesuits - Ignatius of Loyola); Council of Trent - a series of meetings in Italy between Catholic Church Officials
Indulgences
A pardon releasing a person from the punishments due for a sin (payment to church)
Martin Luther
German monk and professor that created the 95 Theses; excommunicated from the Catholic Church, Diet of Worms - asked to recant, edict - no food or shelter
John Calvin
Created a system of Protestant theology in Geneva, Switzerland; predestination - God determines beforehand who will be saved and those who will not; theocracy-church is intertwined with state, no separation
95 Theses
a formal statement that attacked the church and its selling of indulgences; written by Martin Luther
Peace of Augsburg
Agreement in 1555 declaring that the religion of each German state (Catholic or Protestant) would be decided by its ruler
Henry VIII's church
Broke away from the Catholic Church for political reasons since a wanted a divorce; Act of Supremacy - passed by Parliament to give Henry power over Church of England
Religions of the Reformation
Lutherans, Calvinists or Huguenots, Presbyterians (Calvinism spread to Scotland by John Knox), Anabaptists (baptized as an adult, pacifists - peaceful and against war)
Jesuits
Spread the teachings of the Catholic Church (missionaries), create new schools or universities
European need to go East
New sources of wealth, spreading Christianity, and bringing glory to country (god, gold, glory)
Bartolomeu Dias
early Portuguese explorer who explored the coast of Africa
Prince Henry
founded a navigation school in Portugal
Vasco da Gama
led a ship around Africa to India and back
Christopher Columbus
an Italian explorer who led a voyage for Spain and landed in the Americas
Aztecs and Incas
Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico; Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in South America (conquistador)
New Spain
Spanish build an empire in the Americas, including Mexico, South America, and the United States
Encomienda system - THERE WILL BE A QUESTION ON THIS
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
Bartolome de las Casas - MIGHT BE AN EXCERPT ON HIM
A Spanish monk criticized and called for the end of the encomienda system
Portugal vs Spain
Rivalry after Columbus voyages; ended in treaty of Tordesillas, declaring that newly covered lands west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly covered lands on the east of the line would belong to Portugal
Columbian Exchange
The global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas
Absolutism (definition and characteristics)
A system of government where a monarch has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society. Wanted to free themselves from limitations imposed by nobility and government bodies.
Henry IV
The first king of the Bourbon (last name of family who ruled France) dynasty in France who changed religions. He became a Catholic to please a majority of the people.
Edict of Nantes
A 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants or Huguenots could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities.
Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
French king and chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles. They also increased the power of the crown.
Louis XIV
French king who was an absolute ruler. Enjoyed a life of luxury at the Palace of Versailles. He made France the most powerful nation in Europe
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Chief minister of finance under Louis XIV
War of Spanish Succession
A conflict in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France. Both France and Spain were forced to give up some of their American and European colonies to England. England was the new rising
James I
King of England who fought with Parliament over money. His religious policies also angered the Puritans in Parliament.
Charles I
King of England who singed the Petition of Right (demanded end to tax without consent, imprisoning citizens illegally aka habeas corpus, housing troops in homes, and military government in peacetime) and ignored promises. This resulted in a civil war.
English Civil War
A conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament (Puritan Roundheads) battled supporters of England's monarchy (Royalists or Cavaliers).
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Puritans
Charles II
King of England whose power was limited (could not tax without Parliament's consent and could not wrongly arrest or hold an individual)
James II and the Glorious Revolution
King of England; Pro-Catholic policies angered the English, which led to the bloodless overthrow of his reign and replacement by WIlliam and Mary.
Habeas Corpus
A document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal
William and Mary
Monarchs of England who shared power with Parliament
Constitutional Monarchy
A monarchy in which the ruler's power is limited by law (aka limited monarchy)
Geocentric
earth - center of universe - Ptolemaic universe
Heliocentric
sun - center of universe
Copernicus
heliocentric theory
Kepler
mathematician who proved heliocentric theory (elliptical orbit)
Galileo
used the telescope (Starry Messenger) to observe planets; placed under house arrest by Catholic Church
French Social Critics
Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Wollstonecraft
Hobbes
absolute monarchy (social contract)
Locke
people born with three natural rights (life, liberty, prosperity); advocates for revolution if rights are taken away
Montesquieu
separation of powers (executive, judicial, legislative); checks and balances
Rousseau
social contract (direct democracy) - general will of society
Voltaire
fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, freedom of speech (satire)
Wollstonecraft
spoke for women's rights
Salon
Meeting place (living room) to discuss issues during Enlightenment
John Locke vs. Thomas Hobbes
Locke - protect natural rights - self-government
Hobbes - give up rights to live safely
Social Contract
Hobbes - no rights for peace and security, Rousseau - people should come together to create a government
Enlightenment thinking
Led to people questioning their government (status quo and authority)