Squanto
-Algonquin
-taught early English settlers native methods for planting squash, corn and pumpkins
Pocahontas
-Algonquin
-liaison with John Smith's Plymouth colony in 1607
Sacagawea
-Shoshone
-served as a guide for Lewis and Clark in 1805
Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull
-led Sioux and Cheyenne troops at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876
-defeated George Armstrong Custer
Chief Joseph
-leader of Nez Perce
-supported peaceful interaction with white settlers
-attempted to relocate his tribe to Canada rather than move to a reservation
Algonquins
-eastern United States
-lived in wigwams
-northern tribes were hunter/gatherers
-southern tribes farmed crops such as corn
Iroquois
-eastern United States
-spoke a different language than Algonquin
-lived in rectangular longhouses
Plains Tribes
-between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains
-nomadic
-lived in teepees and followed buffalo herds
-included Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche and Blackfoot
Pueblo Tribes
-included Zuni, Hope and Acoma
-southwest deserts
-homes were made of stone or adobe
-domesticated animals and cultivated corn and beans
Pacific Coast Tribes
-included Tlingit, Chinook and Salish
-lived on fish, deer, berries and roots
-rectangular homes housed large family groups
-used totem poles
Aleuts & Inuit
-far north
-lived in skin tents or igloos
-built kayaks and umiaks
-hunted caribou, seals, whales and walrus
Age of Exploration
-aka Age of Discovery
-early fifteenth century to the seventeenth century
-technological advances in navigation, mapmaking and shipbuilding
-explorers set out from Europe seeking new routes to Asia
-led to discovery of new land and colonization in India,
Advancements in Navigation and Seafaring
-compass and astrolabe were particularly important
-magnetic compass had been used by Chinese for some time
-astrolabe came from Arab navigators and traders, who had refined ancient Greek designs
-Portuguese developed a ship called a caravel
-Portuguese d
Christopher Columbus' Voyage
-1492
-a Genoan explorer
-financially backed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
-was searching for a sea route from Europe to Asia
-eventually landed in the West Indies
-is credited with the discovery of the Americas
Colonization of the Americas
-French were focused on fur trading initially and later led to growth of plantations in Louisiana which brought many African slaves to the new world
-Spanish came looking for wealth and to convert the natives to Christianity; led to mining and the establi
New England Colonies
-New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts
-most were British, escaping religious persecution
-significantly influenced by puritan beliefs
-colonial economy centered around fishing, shipbuilding, trade and lumber
-life centered in towns a
Middle Atlantic Colonies
-New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware
-founders were from various countries such as the Netherlands, Holland and Sweden
-major producers of crops including rye, oats, potatoes, wheat and barley
-life centered on large farms
Southern Colonies
-Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
-Virginia was the first permanent English colony and Georgia was the last
-suited for agriculture with a long growing season
-economy was based on labor intensive plantations
-crops included
French and Indian Wars
-as Spanish power declined, British and French begin to struggle for power
-this was the fourth war and the only fought in north America
-ended France's reign as a colonial power in North America
-strong leadership of William Pitt led to a British victory
Navigation Acts
-1651
-an attempt by the British to dominate international trade
-largely aimed at the Dutch
-banned foreign ships from exporting to the colonies or from other European nations to Britain
-angered some colonists, but helped others
-one third of British sh
Higher Taxes after the French and Indian War
-British needed revenue to pay off war debt, defend the expanding empire and govern all of their colonies
-British pass laws increasing revenue from the colonies
-Americans felt this was unfair and began to protest, often leading to violence
Triangular Trade
-ships leave the American colonies carrying rum to Africa, which was traded for gold and slaves
-ships then go to the West Indies and trade slaves for sugar, molasses or money
-ships return to the colonies with sugar or molasses to make more rum and gold
Taxes and British-Colonial relations
-British felt increased taxes were fair since colonists were British subjects and British had spent a lot of money defending the colonies
-colonists thought taxes were unfair and illegal
-development of local governments in America changed their view of g
Colonial Sense of Independence
-more and more colonists had been born in America
-New ideas of government and a strong sense of independence from Britain began to develop
-American colonies were given much more independence than other British colonies
-colonists create their own govern
Colonial vs British Government
-colonial government was representative and representatives were elected from among male property owners in each district
-in Britain, parliament represented the entire country and rather than districts they were represented by class
-British did not unde
The Quartering Act
-1765
-required colonists to provide accommodations and supplies to British troops
-colonists are prohibited from selling west of the Appalachian mountains without permission from Britain
The Sugar Act
-1764
-required taxes to be collected on molasses brought into the colonies
-gave British officials the right to search the home of anyone in violation
The Stamp Act
-1765
-taxed printed materials such as newspapers and legal documents
-eventually repealed in 1766, but the repeal included the Declaration Act which gave parliament the right to govern the colonies
The Townsend Acts
-1767
-taxed paper, paint, lead and tea that came into the colonies
-colonists lead boycotts to protest and Massachusetts leaders like Samuel Adams and John Adams begin to organize the resistance
Boston Massacre
-March 5, 1770
-increasing tensions in the colonies less to violent protests targeting British officials
-British sent troops to New York and Boston
-in Boston the protesters began throwing snowballs at the soldiers
-soldiers fired into the crowd of prote
Boston Tea Party
-the Tea Act was passed in 1773 to formalize the Tea tax of the Townsend Acts
-allowed the East India Company to sell tea for much lower prices and to bypass American distributors, selling directly to shopkeepers
-December 1773, 150 merchants boarded ship
Coercive Acts
-passed by Britain in 1774
-meant to punish Massachusetts for defying British authority
-shut down ports in Boston until the value of the dumped tea was paid back
-required local government officials to be appointed by the governor, not elected by the peo
First Continental Congress
-met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774
-fifty five delegates representing twelve colonies
-sought compromise with England
-affirmed colonial loyalty to Britain and the power of parliament
-demanded that the Coercive (aka Intolerable) Acts be repealed a
Battle of Lexington and Concord
-April 19, 1775
-British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts General Assembly
-armed colonists resisted
-First battle of the American Revolution
Second Continental Congress
-met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775
-discussions centered on defense of the American colonies, how to conduct the war with Britain and how to set up local governments
-also discussed declaring independence from Britain
-established an army and named Geor
Battle of Bunker Hill
-June 1775
-one of the bloodiest of the entire war
-colonists prove they can stand against the British army
-colonists withdraw but half of the British troops were lost
-Britain officially declared the colonies in a state of rebellion
Battle of Trenton
-First colonial victory
-Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776
-surprise attack on British and Hessian troops on December 26
Battle of Saratoga
-ended a British plan to separate the New England colonies from the south
-British General John Burgoyne surrendered
-French enter the war as American allies
-turning point of the war
Battle of Yorktown
-October 19, 1781
-General Cornwallis surrenders
-ends the Revolutionary War
Declaration of Independence
-written by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 4, 1776
-accused King George III of violating the colonists rights and establishing a tyrannical reign
-ideas were shaped by seventeenth century philosopher John Locke
-focus on natural rights
-Jefferson and
Treaty of Paris
-signed September 3, 1783
-officially ended the Revolutionary War
-Britain officially recognized the United States of America as an independent nation
-established the Mississippi river as the western border
-restored Florida to Spain and returned African
Articles of Confederation
-precursor to the constitution
-First attempt to establish the basics of independent government in America
-passed by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777
-went into effect on March 1, 1781 following ratification by all thirteen states
-prevented
Constitution
-delegates from twelve states (not Rhode Island) met in Philadelphia in May of 1787
-initially intended to revise the AOC
-all proceedings were kept secret until the final document was completed allowing the delegates to present a complete document for ra
The Great Compromise
-disagreement about representation between small and large states
-Virginia Plan calls for representation based on population
-New Jersey Plan calls for equal representation
-aka Connecticut Compromise
-today we have equal representation in the Senate and
Three-fifths Compromise
-disagreement between northern and southern states involving how slaves were counted in population
-south wanted slaves counted when determining representation, but not for taxes, North wanted the opposite
-compromise to count each slave as three-fifths o
Commerce Compromise
-also a north/south disagreement
-northern economy was based on industry and trade while the southern economy was agricultural
-north wanted to give the government power to regulate exports and trade and the south opposed
-compromise gave Congress regulat
Objections Against the Constitution
-lack of a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms
-states felt too much power was being given to the central government
-voters wanted more control over elected representatives
-led to the Federalist vs Anti-Federalist split
Federalists & Anti-Federalists
-wanted a strong central government
-Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison wrote the Federalist papers aimed at convincing states to ratify the constitution
-Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry wrote the anti-Federalist papers arguing against the con
First Administration of the U.S. Government
-George Washington is elected President in 1789
-John Adams finished second in the election and became the first Vice President
-Thomas Jefferson is appointed by Washington as Secretary of State
-Alexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury
Alien and Sedition Acts
-when John Adams became president, Britain and France were at war
-Adams and the Federalists backed the British
-Jefferson and the Republicans backed the French
-ASA made it illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing government
-allowed th
Political Parties
-many were against the formation of political parties based on how the factions functioned in Britain
-differences of opinion between Jefferson and Hamilton led to the formation of political parties in the U.S.
-Hamilton wanted a strong central government
Federalist Party
-began to decline when Jefferson was elected president in both 1800 & 1804
-Hamilton, their leader, was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804
-virtually disappeared by 1816
The Whigs
-born of a split in the Democratic-Republican Party in 1824
-backed John Quincy and industrial growth
Democratic Party
-born of a split in the Democratic-Republican Party in 1824
-opposition to the Whigs
-led by Alexander Hamilton who was elected president in 1828
Republican Party
-formed in the 1850s surrounding issues involving slavery
-anti-slavery in opposition to the Democratic Party at the time which was for slavery, having a larger interest in the south
Marbury v Madison
-established the modern premise that the Supreme Court's main function is judicial review
-William Marbury was appointed to the Supreme Court by Adams the day before Jefferson took office
-Jefferson ordered his SOS, James Madison, not to deliver Marbury's
McCulloch v Maryland
-further exercise of judicial review
-when Congress established the Second Bank of the United States, Maryland voted to tax any bank which was levied outside of Maryland
-McCulloch was an employee of the bank in Baltimore and refused to pay the tax
-Chief
Effects of the Treaty of Paris on Native Americans
-ToP granted large parcels of land to the U.S. which were inhabited by natives
-newly formed U.S. government attempted to claim the land, treating the natives as a conquered people
-next the government attempted to purchase the land from natives through a
Indian Removal Act of 1830
-have the American government power to form treaties with native Americans
-in theory, America would claim land east of the Mississippi and natives would voluntarily move west
-in practice many tribes were forced to sign the treaties and relocate
Treaty of New Echota
-supposedly a treaty between the U.S. government and Cherokee tribes in Georgia
-tribal leaders never signed the treaty and they protested by refusing to be removed
-President Martin Van Buren enforced the treaty by sending troops
-more than 4,000 Cheroke
Early Economic Trends
-northeast: manufacturing, industry and industrial development
-south: agriculture based on slave labor and indentured servitude
-west: land was wild and communities were agricultural
-differences would lead each region to support different economic and p
Louisiana Purchase
-Napoleon sold Louisiana to the U.S. to support his war against Britain
-Jefferson wanted New Orleans to secure U.S. trade interests
-sale price was fifteen million dollars
-was larger than the rest of the U.S. at the time
-eventually became fifteen state
Early Foreign Policy
-isolationism: no plans to establish colonies, only grow within North America
-no entangling alliances: no permanent alliances would be made and U.S. wouldn't interfere in other countries internal issues
-nationalism: blossomed particularly after the War
War of 1812
-America traded with both Britain and France, but favored the French
-Britain saw the favoritism as an alliance and sought to end trade between U.S. and France
-President James Madison introduced acts to regulate international trade and when France lifted
Monroe Doctrine
-introduced by president Monroe on December 2, 1823
-stated that any attempts to establish colonies on the North American continent would be considered interference in American politics
-U.S. would stay out of European affairs and expected the same in ret
Lewis & Clark Expedition
-tasked by Jefferson to map the Louisiana Purchase
-returned after two years and having traveled all the way to the Pacific
-brought back maps, journals and various other types of knowledge
-opened up the west for exploration and settlement
Manifest Destiny
-belief that America was destined by God to bring as much of the North American continent under the U.S. government as possible
-Louisiana Purchase and the Northwest Ordinance made over half of the continent American
-rapid expansion brought conflicts wit
Mexican-American War
-in 1821 Mexico revolted against Spain and became an independent nation
-in 1836 Texas revolted and declared its independence from Spain
-in 1844 Democrats began pushing for Texas annexation and President Tyler admitted them to the union in 1845
-Mexico o
Wilmot Proviso
-stated that any new U.S. land won from Mexico would be legally open to slavery
-big conflict in congress
-added tension to the Mexican-American War
Gadsden Purchase
-following the end of the MAW
-established America's southwest borders
-finalized in 1854
-aided in the building of the transcontinental railroad
-added what would eventually become California, Nevada, Utah and portions of New Mexico, Wyoming, Colorado an
American System
-spurred by trade conflicts of the War of 1812
-supported by Henry Clay and others
-set up tariffs to help protect American interests from competition with products overseas
-led to growth in employment and overall increase in American industry
-provided
Jacksonian Democracy
-shift from politics favoring the wealthy to politics favoring common man
-all free white men were given the right to vote, not just property owners
-favored patronage system, Laissez faire economics, relocation of natives from the southeast portion of th
Conflict between North and South
-slavery became the defining issue
-the diversity of the northern economy made slavery unnecessary
-anti-slavery groups began moving slaves or of the south and into the north
American Colonization Society
-formed by protestant churches aimed at returning black slaves to Africa
-liberated slaves founded Liberia in Africa, but the colony didn't do well
-Liberia was poorly suited for agriculture
American Anti-Slavery Society
-led by William Lloyd Garrison, a Quaker
-published a newspaper called The Liberator
Female Anti-Slavery Society
-women only group
-formed by Margaretta Forten because women were not allowed to join the Anti-Slavery Society formed by her father
Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women
-continued meeting even after pro-Slavery factions burned down their meeting place
Female Vigilant Society
-raised funds to help the Underground Railroad and slave refugees
Attitudes toward Education
-Horace Mann led the public education movement
-Mann felt that education could help children become better citizens, keep them away from crime, prevent poverty and unify American society
-wrote Common School Journal to bring education into the public cons
Transportation
-as American borders expanded, the need for new transportation technologies grew
-Transcontinental Railroad allowed travel from coast to coast
-canals and steamboats simplified water travel and made shipping easier
-the Erie Canal was completed in 1825 an
Industrial Activity
-factories begin to show up with the increased technology
-mass production of goods requires labor, affording many immigrants an income
Cotton Gin
-significantly decreased the processing time of cotton
-major factor in the rapid expansion of cotton production in the south
Labor Movements of the 1800s
-in 1751 a group of baskets held a protest where they stopped making bread, thus the first American labor strike
-Labor movements began in earnest in the 1830s and 1840s
-Boston masons, carpenters and stoneworkers protested the length of the work day and
Second Great Awakening
-led by protestant evangelical leaders
-1800 to 1830
-focused on personal responsibility
-many missionary groups were formed
-many new religious denominations developed such as the Latter Day Saints and Seventh-Day Adventists
Women's Rights Movement
-began in the 1840s
-leaders included Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Ernestine Rose and Lucretia Mott
-in 1869 the National Women's Suffrage Association was formed
-1848, first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls with about 300 attendees
-Seneca F
Missouri Compromise
-brought northern Massachusetts into the union as Maine, a free state, to balance the addition of Missouri, a slave state
-the remaining portion of the Louisiana Purchase would be free north of 36� 30'
Popular Sovereignty
-a third faction who felt that states should be able to decide whether to be a slave or free state
Compromise of 1850
-necessary when California wad entering the union
-California was admitted as a free state
-slave trade in Washington, D.C. was outlawed
-efforts to recapture escaped slaves were increased
-New Mexico and Utah territories would be able to decide whether t
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Kansas and Nebraska territories were created in 1854
-Congress allowed popular sovereignty, but some argued that the Missouri Compromise already outlawed slavery there
-two separate governments formed in Kansas (one pro- and one anti-slavery) and conflic
Dred Scott Decision
-Scott was a slave from Missouri who had travelled with his owner to several free states
-when Scott's owner died, abolitionists argued that he was free because he had lived in free states
-Supreme Court ruled that since Scott was a slave, here was not a
Harper's Ferry
-in 1859, John Brown, a devout abolitionist, seized a federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry
-intended to lead a slave rebellion
-Robert E. Lee captured Brown and his followers who were tried and hanged
-northerners saw the convictions as proof that the govern
1860 Presidential Candidates
-John Breckenridge: Southern Democrat; pro-slavery
-Abraham Lincoln: Republican; anti-slavery
-Stephen Douglas: Northern Democrat; felt slavery should be handled locally
-John Bell: Constitutional Union Party; focused on keeping the union intact
Northern Advantages in the Civil War
-larger population (24 states to 11)
-better transportation and finances (supply chains were much more dependable)
-more raw materials (held the majority of American gold and other minerals)
Southern Advantages in the Civil War
-better trained military officers
-population was more familiar with both weapons and horses
-defensive position
-well defined goals
Emancipation Proclamation
-issued by President Lincoln in 1862
-freed all slaves in Confederate States that did not return to the union by the end of the year
-did not free any slaves under union control
-many freed slaves and other blacks joined the Union Army
-by the end of the
The Battle of Bull Run
-July 21, 1861
-first major land battle of the war
-observers set up picnics nearby to watch
-union was defeated
-set the tone for the war to be bloody, costly and long
The Capture of Fort Henry
-captured by Ulysses S. Grant
-February of 1862
-Union's first major victory
The Battle of Gettysburg
-July 1-3, 1863
-often seen as the turning point of the war
-largest number of casualties with over 50,000 dead
-Robert E. Lee was defeated and the Confederate army withdrew
The Overland Campaign
-1864
-Grant was leading all Union troops at this point
-high casualty campaign that positioned the Union for victory
Sherman's March to the Sea
-William Tecumseh Sherman conquered Atlanta
-May, 1864
-continued on to Savannah, destroying everything in his path
Appomattox Courthouse
-Lee was defeated
-General Grant accepted Lee's surrender
-conducted at the home of Wilmer McLean on April 9, 1865
Lincoln's Assassination
-five days after the end of the Civil War
-Lincoln and his wife, Mary, were attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theater
-John Wilkes Booth was unaware that the war had ended
-Booth shot Lincoln in the back of the head
-Lincoln was carried to
Reconstruction
-the south had been left in chaos
-from 1865 to 1877 the government was focused on trying to restore order, ensure civil rights to freed slaves and bring the Confederate States back to the Union
-Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts in 1866, putting fo
Freedmen's Bureau
-formed to help freedmen and give assistance to whites in the south ego needed basic necessities such as food and clothing
-many southerners felt they were working to help freed slaves go against their former owners
-it was intended to help freed slaves b
Radical Republicans
-wished to treat the south very harshly after the war
-led by House Leader, Thaddeus Stevens
-Stevens wanted to treat the southern states as territories with ten years of military rule and territorial government before being readmitted to the Union
-wante
Moderate Republicans
-wanted only black men who were literate or who had served in the Union army to be able to vote
-all Confederate soldiers, except troop leaders, would also be able to vote
-Lincoln had favored this approach, hoping it would bring more states back into the
The Black Codes
-proposed to control freed slaves
-would not allow slaves to bear arms, assemble, serve on juries, or testify against whites
-schools would be segregated, unemployed blacks could be arrested and forced to work
-countered by the Civil Rights Bill
Civil Rights Bill
-countered the Black Codes
-provided much wider rights for freed slaves
-vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who favored the Black Codes
-Congress overrode Johnson's veto and impeached the president
-Johnson came within a single vote of being convicted
Thirteenth Amendment
-passed on December 18, 1865
-prohibited slavery in the U.S.
Fourteenth Amendment
-overturned the Dred Scott decision
-ratified on July 9, 1868
-American citizenship was redefined
-all citizens were granted equal legal protection by all states
-guaranteed citizens the right to file a lawsuit or serve on a jury
Fifteenth Amendment
-ratified on February 3, 1870
-no citizen can be denied the right to vote on the basis of race, color or previous status as a slave
Presidential Reconstruction
-driven by Andrew Johnson's policy
-lenient on the south
-allowed continued discrimination against and control over blacks
Congressional Reconstruction
-Congress was largely controlled by Radical Republicans
-provided a wider range of civil rights for blacks and greater control over southern government
-marked by military control of former Confederate States
Redemption
-final phase of Reconstruction
-Confederate States are gradually readmitted to the Union
-white Democrats take control of most southern governments
-troops depart the south in 1877
Scalawags
-southern whites who aligned with Freedmen to take over local government
-many in the south refused to take the required oath of office so it was easy for them to move in
Carpetbaggers
-northerners who traveled to the south for various reasons
-some provided assistance and others sought to make money or acquire political power
Transcontinental Railroad
-first section was completed by Union Pacific Railroad in 1869
-first section went from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California
-90% of the workers building the railroad were Chinese, working in very dangerous conditions for very low pay
Naturalization Act
-1870
-limits U.S. citizenship
-full citizenship allowed only to whites and those of African descent
Chinese Exclusion Act
-1882
-limited Chinese immigration
Immigration Act
-1882
-taxed immigrants at fifty cents per person
-funds helped pay administration cost of regulating immigration
-Ellis Island opened in 1892 as a processing center
Emergency Quota Act
-1921
-aka Johnson Quota Act
-severely limited the number of immigrants allowed into the country
19th Century Agricultural Technology
-irrigation techniques improved significantly
-advances in cultivation, breeding, fertilizer use and crop rotation
-the Great Plains could be cultivated with the steel plow
-gas powered tractors arrived in 1892 and were widely used by 1900
-barbed wire fe
Government and Agriculture in the 19th Century
-Department of Agriculture is established in 1862, working for the interests of farmers and ranchers across the country
-the Morrill Land Grant Acts were passed in 1862, allowing land-grant colleges
-Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experimental
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Invented the airplane
Richard Gatling
Invented the machine gun
Wallet Hunt, Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
Invented the sewing machine
Nikola Tesla
Discovered the alternating electric current
George Eastman
Invented the camera
Thomas Edison
Invented light bulbs, motion pictures and the phonograph
Samuel Morse
Invented the telegraph
Charles Goodyear
Discovered vulcanized rubber
Cyrus McCormick
Invented the reaper
George Westinghouse
Invented the transformer and the air brake
Gilded Age
-from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of WWI
-aka the Second Industrial Revolution
-U.S. was changing from agricultural to industrial based economy
-beginning of banks, department stores, chain stores and trusts
-cities experienced rapid growth
Populist Party
-merger of the Farmer's Alliance and the Knights of Labor
-platform included national currency, income tax, government ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone systems, secret ballot for voting, immigration restriction and term limits for the Presi
Farmer's Alliance
-formed during the 1890s recession
-crop prices fell and drought hit leaving many farmers in a great deal of debt
-drew the rural poor into a single political entity
Knights of Labor
-formed by Uriah Stephens in 1869
-United industrial workers into a union to protect their rights
Labor Movement
-first large, well organized strike was in 1892 and was called the Homestead Strike (iron and steel workers vs Carnegie Steel)
-Pullman Strike of 1894, workers protested a 28% wage decrease and President Cleveland called in troops to end the strike
-Child
Panic of 1893
-economic crisis that affected most of the globe
-President Grover Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Act fearing that it had caused the downturn rather than boosting the economy as intended
-led to many bankruptcies, causing railroads to go under and
Progressive Era
-1890s to the end of WWI
-Progressives were in favor of worker's rights and safety and wanted measures taken against waste and corruption
-felt science could help to improve society
-thought government could, and should, provide answers to a variety of so
Muckrakers
-aggressive investigative journalists who brought to light scandals, corruption and many other wrongs being perpetrated in late nineteenth century society
-Ida Tarbell: exposed the Standard Oil Trust
-Jacob Riis: photographer who helped improve the lot of
Sixteenth Amendment
-1913
-established a graduated income tax
Seventeenth Amendment
-1913
-allowed direct election of Senators
Eighteenth Amendment
-1919
-prohibited the sale, production and importation of alcohol
-later repealed by the 21st Amendment
Nineteenth Amendment
-1920
-gave women the right to vote
Federal Trade Commission
-formed to enforce anti-trust measures
-ensured that companies were run fairly and did not create monopolies
U.S. Government and Native Americans
-Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, in response to the government ordering all natives to relocate to reservations
-Dawes Act of 1877 ordered assimilation rather than separation as the natives had failed to comply with the order to relocate
-native childre
Native Americans in Wartime
-many served in the Rough Riders with Teddy Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War
-17,000+ were drafted during WWI, even though they were not considered legal citizens at the time (Indian Citizenship Act was passed in 1924)
-about 300 reservations still e
Spanish-American War
-Spain had controlled Cuba since the fifteenth century
-the U.S. had offered to buy Cuba many times
-slavery in Cuba ended in 1886 and a revolution began to rise
-U.S. tried to stay out of the revolt but the Spanish sank The Maine in Havana harbor, killin
Panama Canal
-began in 1880 by the French
-connected Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean through the Isthmus of Panama
-U.S. took over the build and completed in 1914
-lock and lake canal
-U.S. assisted Panama in its battle for independence from Colombia to maintain contr
Big Stick Diplomacy
-Teddy Roosevelt justified expanded U.S. involvement in foreign affairs by quoting the proverb "speak softly and carry a big stick"
-U.S. military was deployed to protect American interests in Latin America
-Roosevelt wanted to maintain an equal or larger
Dollar Diplomacy
-instituted by William Howard Taft
-efforts to influence Latin America and East Asia through economic, rather than military, means
-peaceful interventions aimed at protecting the Panama Canal
-in practice, many interventions became violent
-ended in 1913
Moral Diplomacy
-instituted by Woodrow Wilson
-still influences American policy today
-belief that representative government and democracy in all nations would lead to peace and stability
-in order to achieve this goal America would maintain a strong military, promote de
U.S. Involvement in WWI
-Wilson declared the U.S. neutral at the beginning
-sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 by a German u-boat killed 100 Americans
-German u-boats began to indiscriminately attack U.S. and Canadian ships supplying Europe
-the Zimmerman Note was the final cataly
Wilson's Fourteen Points
-basis for a peace settlement to end WWI
-presented to congress in 1918
-five points outlining general ideas
-eight points to resolve immediate problems
-one point proposing an international organization of nations with the intent of maintaining world pea
Treaty of Versailles
-ended WWI
-ended up punishing Germany much more than originally intended
-included the formation of the League of Nations
-because it was so punitive, the U.S. never ratified it, and never joined the League of Nations
The Roaring Twenties
-aka the Jazz Age
-saw population shift from farms to the cities
-driven by growth in the automobile and entertainment industries
-everyday life was greatly changed by telephone lines, distribution of electricity, highways, the radio and other inventions
Harlem Renaissance
-saw a number of African American artists settling in Harlem
-produced many well known artists and writers
Growth of Jazz
-driven by African Americans
-style matched the growing sense of optimism and exploration in the 1920s
-began in New Orleans as an offshoot of the blues
National Origins Act of 1924
-aka Johnson-Reed Act
-placed limits on immigration
-only 2% of each nationality's 1890 population numbers were allowed to immigrate
-Asian immigration was not allowed at all
-result of paranoia following the Russian Revolution and fear of communist influ
Red Scare
-when jobs created by war efforts of WWI disappeared, many were left unemployed
-International Workers of the World and the Socialist Party become more visible
-labor strikes attempted to regain the favorable work conditions of pre-war America
-many strik
NAACP
-founded in 1911
-worked to defeat Jim Crow Laws
-helped prevent racial segregation from becoming federal law
-various other activities focused on improving life for black Americans
Ku Klux Klan
-formed in 1866 by Confederate Army veterans fighting against Reconstruction in the south
-white supremacist beliefs including anti-Semitism, nativism, anti-Catholicism and overt racism
-relied on violence to get their message across
-in the 1920s members
American Civil Liberties Union
-founded in 1920, from the American Union Against Militarism
-major goals were to protect immigrants and other citizens who were threatened with prosecution for their political beliefs, and to support labor unions
Anti-Defamation League
-formed in 1913 to prevent anti-Semitic behavior and practices
-also worked to prevent all forms of racism and discrimination based on race
-still exists and works for minorities of all kinds
Great Depression
-began in 1929 with the stock market crash
-factors leading up to:
1) growing economic disparity between the wealthy and middle-class
2) disparity in economic distribution in industry
3) growing use of credit which led to inflated demand of some goods
4)
Roosevelt's New Deal
-Roosevelt was elected in 1932
-goal was to provide government work programs to provide jobs, wages and relief to workers
-Congress gave Roosevelt almost free rein
-relief: accomplished largely by creating jobs
-recovery: stimulate the economy through the
Roosevelt's Alphabet Organizations
-Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided jobs in the forestry service
-Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) adjusted production and pricing to increase agricultural income
-Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) organized jobs centered on the Tenness
New Deal Reform
-Glass-Steagall Act separated investment from banking
-SEC helped to regulate Wall Street
-Wagner Act provided worker and union rights
-Social Security Act of 1935 provided pensions and unemployment insurance
Labor Regulations
-Wagner Act established that unions were legal, protected members of unions and required collective bargaining
-Davis-Bacon Act provided fair compensation for contractors and sub-contractors
-Walsh-Healey Act established a minimum wage, child labor laws,
Interventionist vs Isolationist in WWII
-Roosevelt was an interventionist, declaring America neutral but willing to provide any necessary aid short of entering the war
-isolationists believed the U.S. should not be involved in any way and felt that any involvement endangered the U.S. by weakeni
U.S. Entry into WWII
-Japan invaded China in 1937, prompting the U.S. to halt all exports to Japan
-Roosevelt would not allow Japanese interests to withdraw money held in U.S. banks
-General Tojo recognized America's ability to halt Japanese expansion and thus authorized the
Surrender of Germany
-Hitler violated a non-aggression pact with Stalin by invading the USSR in 1941
-Stalin joined the Allied Powers and he, Churchill and Roosevelt planned to defeat Germany first, then Japan
-allied forces steadily moved through Europe and finally surrounde
Surrender of Japan
-war with Japan continued after Germany's surrender
-the U.S. dropped two atomic bins on Japan with horrific and demoralizing devastation
-Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945
Minorities in WWII
-442nd Regimental Combat Team was made up of Japanese-Americans fighting in Europe for the U.S.; most highly decorated unit per member in U.S. history; suffered a 93% casualty rate
-the Tuskegee Airmen were African-American aviators who were the first bla
Atomic Bomb
-a single bomb, carried by a single plane, held enough power to destroy an entire city
-Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed in 1945, ending the war
Yalta Conference
-Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met to discuss treatment of Europe post war
-Germany had not yet surrendered but defeat was imminent
Potsdam Conference
-Atlee, Stalin and Truman met to formalize plans made at Yalta, following Germany's surrender
-provisions include:
1) dividing Germany and Berlin into four zones of occupation
2) demilitarization of Germany
3) Poland remained under Soviet control
4) Nazi
Post-war Japan
-MacArthur led the occupation of Japan
-goal of U.S. occupation was to remove Japan's military and make the country a democracy
-1947 constitution removed power from the emperor
-Japan was not allowed to declare war and twenty five government officials we
Alien Registration Act
-passed in 1940
-required all aliens older than 14 to be fingerprinted and registered
-tensions between whites and Japanese immigrants in California came to a head with the bombing of Pearl Harbor
-the president ordered numerous Japanese Americans to be a
U.S. after WWII
-became the strongest political power in the world
-determined to stop the spread of communism
-government began to work for greater domestic equality and communication increased among different areas of the country
-government had gained greater control
Harry S. Truman
-became president near the end of WWII
-made the decision to drop the atomic bombs
-initiated a 21 point plan known as the Fair Deal, which expanded Social Security, provided public housing and made the Fair Employment Practices Act permanent
-participate
Korean War
-1950-1953
-first time an international organization played a military role in a war
-war ended in a truce
Dwight D. Eisenhower
-middle of the road foreign policy
-many strides forward in equal rights
-minimized tensions of the Cold War
-negotiated a peace treaty with Russia after Stalin died
-enforced segregation with military force
-administration created NASA and the Department
John F. Kennedy
-instituted economic programs which led to a period of continuous expansion
-formed the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps
-oversaw passage of civil rights legislation and drafted plans to combat poverty
-assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963
Cuban Missile Crisis
-1962
-Russia placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to protect against U.S. invasion
-Russia was also concerned about U.S. missiles in Turkey
-both missile sites were eventually dismantled and a hotline directly connecting the leaders of the U.S. and the USSR w
Lyndon B. Johnson
-supported civil rights bills, tax cuts and other wide-reaching legislation
-saw America as a "Great Society"
-fought disease and poverty, renewed urban areas, supported education and environmental conservation
-Medicare was instituted under his administr
Civil Rights Movement
-1950s, African-Americans begin to demand equal rights
-Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man
-Martin Luther King Jr encouraged non-violent opposition; received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968
-Malcolm X was less peaceful; became a
Cold War Foreign Policy
-Marshall Plan sent aid to Europe, focused on preventing the spread of communism
-Containment focused on containing the spread of Soviet communism
-Truman Doctrine stated that the U.S. would provide economic and military support to any country threatened
Berlin Wall
-the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 and meant that the U.S. and western Europe would consider an attack on any nation, an attack on all of them
-Warsaw Pact was similar to NATO for eastern Europe
-Berlin wall was built in 1961 to ph
Richard Nixon
-end of the Vietnam War
-improved diplomatic relations with China and the USSR
-National Environmental Policy Act was passed
-compulsory draft ended
-Supreme Court legalized abortion
-Watergate
-resigned rather than face impeachment
Gerald Ford
-appointed as Vice President after Spiro Agnew resigned under charges of tax evasion
-became president when Nixon resigned
-negotiated with Russia to limit nuclear arms
-dealt with inflation, economic downturn and energy shortages
-sought to reduce govern
Jimmy Carter
-faced with a budget deficit, high unemployment and continued inflation
-Panama Canal Treaties
-Camp David Accords lead to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel
-Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
-Iran Hostage Crisis
-awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
Ronald Reagan
-elected at age 69, becoming the oldest American President
-Reaganomics, or trickle-down economics involves major tax cuts in the upper income brackets
-Economic Recovery Act of 1981
-first female justice, Sandra Day O'Connor, appointed to the Supreme Cou
George H. W. Bush
-"thousand points of light" speech during campaign
-fall of Berlin wall and unification of Germany
-Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega was captured and tried
-dissolution of the Soviet Union
-Gulf War
-Tiananmen Square Massacre
-Ruby Ridge
-arrival of the
Bill Clinton
-second U.S. president to be impeached, but he was not convicted
-Family and Medical Leave Act
-Don't Ask, Don't Tell
-NAFTA
-Defense of Marriage Act
-Oslo Accords
-siege at Waco, Texas involving Branch Davidians
-Oklahoma City Bombing
-troops were sent t
Expansion of Minority Rights
-Civil Rights Act 1964
-Voting Rights Act 1965
-Age Discrimination Act 1978
-Americans with Disabilities Act 1990
-prisoner's rights movement, movements for immigrant rights, women's rights movement
-Equal Rights Amendment was passed but not enough states
George W. Bush
-won electoral, but not popular vote in 2000
-September 11 terrorist attacks
-war with Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
-economic meltdown and soaring gas prices
Barack Obama
-first African-American president
-country is in a major recession
-economic bailout packages
-improvements in women's rights
-moves to broaden gay rights
-health care reform legislation
-reinforcement of war in Afghanistan