Communication
- the exchange of information
- social behavior that affects the behavior of others
linguistically or behaviorally
communication can be defined ___ or ___
oral language
spoken language is considered ___
Voice, articulation, language, fluency, hearing
the 5 aspects of communication
voice
- essential to oral communication
- larynx (vocal folds) is the most important structure for this
- capable of variations (pitch, loudness)
Throat, mouth, nose
the three structures that modify the resonance of the sound of the larynx
Tongue, lips
the two structures that modify the articulation of the sound of the larynx
Movement
articulation means __
Articulation
the movement of the speech mechanism to produce sounds of speech
phonology
the study of speech sounds and sound patterns used to create words
phonetics
the production, perception, and classification of speech sounds
phonemes
- speech sounds
- are combined to form syllables and words
- the building blocks of speech
language
- a larger, more abstract system than speech
- we must look at linguistics to understand this
Expressive Language
produced language with an outgoing message
Receptive Language
understood language, listening to an incoming message
Linguistics
- the study of language, its structure, and the rules that govern
- separated into morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
Morphology
- the study of word structure
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of language
free morpheme
the type of morpheme that can stand alone and mean something
bound morpheme
the type of morpheme that cannot convey meaning by itself
syntax
- the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences
- a collection of rules
- one of two parts of grammar
- word order, overall structure of sentences
Chomsky's Theory of language
the theory that suggests that some universal rules of grammar apply to all languages where a child is born with a knowledge of these rules
Language competence
innate and perfect knowledge of rules across languages
Language performance
actual production of language
Semantics
- the study of meaning in language
- the meaning in morphemes, words, sentences, or the combination of oral languages
Pragmatics
the study of the rules that govern that use of language in social situations
fluency
- a characteristic of both speech and language
- needed for effective communication
- closely related to prosody
Hearing
- this is not a component of speech or language but is essential for normal acquired verbal (oral) communication
Means-End
- a child's understanding that he has to DO something in order to get what he wants
- begins developing between 4-8 months and continues to develop and refine through about 18 months
Object Permanence
- understanding that an item is still in existence, even though it is out of sight
- develops about 8 months of age
Perlocutionary, Illocutionary, locutionary
Three stages of intentionality
Perlocutionary
- the adult infers the intention of the infant at this point
- birth to eight months
- a stage of intentionality
Illocutionary
- the intentions for communication (gestures, vocalizations, etc.)
- 8-12 months
- stage of intentionality
Locutionary
- linguistic forms are used for communication
- phonetically consistent forms and true words emerge
- language is used to talk about things that are temporally and spatially removed from the current context
- stage of intentionality
Early language acquistion
- part of early language development and occurs from birth to early elementary
Reflexive sounds
- response to stimulus, involuntary sounds in nature
- birth to 4 months
Babbling
- string of consonant-vowel combinations
- 4-10 months
- reinforced by others
- increasing in complexity
First words
- produced around 12 months of age
- usually related to things of the child's word
Verbs
types of words that are fewer in occurrence but a part of a child's first 50 words
18 months
at what age is the 50-word landmark is usually achieved around?
two-word utterances
- emerge at approximately 18 months
- the beginning of syntax
- telegraphic speech
Brown's study of language acquisition
- states that children acquire morphemes in roughly the same sequence
- present progressive, prepositions, regular plural, irregular past tense
Mean Length of Utterance
-average length of a child's multiple utterances
-in terms of morphemes
Type Token Ratio
-measure of lexical density in speech or written language
-looks at variety of words
-dividing number of different words in a sample by total words
8; 10
ages ___ to ___ months in age show more definitive intentions to speech sounds
turn-taking
develops between 18-24 months, however is not fully refined until the age of 5 or 6
4; 5
substantial topic maintenance is observed by age __ or __
Emergent Literacy
-during preschool years
-earliest period of learning about reading and writing
-dependent upon acquired oral language skills
-must have metalinguistic ability
-alphabet knowledge, print awareness, phonological awareness
metalinguistic ability
the ability to view language as an object of attention