Nouns
Person, place, thing, animal, idea, or feeling
Verbs
Action verbs
Passive verbs
Linking verbs
Adjectives
Describe a noun
Adverbs
Describe a verb
preposition
(In, out, around, about, etc.)
Articles
a, an (indefinite), the (definite)
Prepositional phrases
contains a preposition (In, out, around, about, etc.), an article (the, a, an, etc.), and an object of the preposition.
Example: Ryan headed (to the mall) (for the lastest release) (by the band) (from his home state) (of NC).
Clauses
A string of two or more words, with a subject and a verb
Ex. When the saints go marching in
Ex. Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon.
Phrase
A string of two or more words, that do not have a subject and a verb
Ex. because of her glittering smile
Ex. broken into thousands of pieces
Antecedents
A noun that a pronoun refers back to.
What is used to separate a quotation from interrupting text?
Comma
First person
Singular: I, me, mine, my
Plural: We, us, our, ours
Second person
Singular: you, yours, your
Plural: you, yours, your
Third person
Singular: he, she, him, her, hers, it, its, one, everyone,
Plural: they, them, their, theirs, people
What is used between a title and sub-title of a book?
Colon
Coordinating conjunctions
Joins two or more words or phrases (equal value between both clauses)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
(FANBOYS)
Subordinating conjunction
Joins two or more clauses (the clause containing the subordinating conjuction has less value)
Because, though, although, as, as if, when, while
Nominalization
Making a noun from a verb, adverb, or adjective
Active verb
Verbs that show an action performed by the subject of the sentence
Ex. Sheila and tom take a walk in the park
Passive verb
Past tense
Ex. Was cooked. Was seen.
Sentence: Definition
In his wood working he used a type of file known as a rasp
Sentence: Description
Allen is malcontent
Sentence: Example
The menu listed such delicacies as frog legs, snails, etc.
Sentence: Synonym
The ophthalmologist, or eye doctor told me to wear these
Sentence: Antonym
Unlike life in the country, henderson was a quaint existence
Parenthetical expressions should be offset by what?
Comma
Sentence: Comparison
Explains how two items are similar
Sentence: Contrast
Emphasizes the differences rather than the similarities.
Sentence: Explanation
He was awarded a degree posthumously; He died a month before graduation
What precedes conjunctive adverbs?
Semicolon
Prefix
Added to the beginning of the word to modify it
Suffix
Added to the end of the word to modify it
Root word
the root meaning of the word
Simple sentence
A sentence that contains only one clause, and has complete meaning (independent clause)
Ex. Some students like to study in the mornings.
Ex. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
Topic sentence
Is usually given at the beginning of the paragraph
Periodic sentence
The meaning of the sentence isn't revealed until the end, usually in the form of an independent clause
Independent clause
A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and expresses a complete thought
Dependent clause
A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and does not contain a complete thought
Cumulative sentence
The independent clause is at the beginning of a sentence
Ex. He dipped his hands in the bichloride solution and shook them--a quick shake, fingers down, like the fingers of a pianist above the keys
ie
I" before "e" except after "c" or in words like neighbor and weigh
Suffixed for words ending in "e
Word ends in silent "e", added suffix begins with vowel, drop the letter "e" when adding the suffix: age+ing=aging
Word ends in silent "e", added suffix begins with consonant, keep the letter when adding suffix: awe+some=awesome
Suffixed for words ending in "y
If word ends with a "y" preceded by a vowel, keep the "y" when adding the suffix: Annoy+ance=annoyance
If a word ends with a "y" precede by a consonant drop the y when adding a suffix: Carry+ed=carried
Suffixes for words ending in a consonant-vowel-consanant pattern (CVC)
If a word ends with a CVC then double the final consanant: Bag+age = Baggage
If a word has more than one syllable, and the accent is on the last syllable, double the final consanant before adding the suffix: allot+ed = allotted
Prefix: un
Not: unarmed
Prefix: re
Again: Readjust
Prefix: in
Not: Invisible
Prefix: dis
Not: disorganized
Suffix: ia, y
State or condition: amnesia, democracy
Suffix: ic, ical, ac
Having to do with: physical, cardiac, endoscopic
Suffix: ism
Belief in: activism
Suffix: ology
The study of: archeology
Suffix: or, er
one who takes part in: conductor, fighter
Root: arch
Ruler: tetrarch
Root: audio
Sound: audiovisual
Root: bio
Life: biochemistry
Root: chrom
Color: monochrome
Root: geo
Earth: geode
Root: graph
Written: biographic
Root: morph
Form: morphine
Root: ortho
Correct: unorthodox
Root: ped
Foot: millipede
Root: terra
Earth: terrace
Root: therma
Heat: exothermal
What is placed between two independent clauses, if the latter clause expands on the former clause?
Colon
What is placed between two related independent clauses?
Semicolon
Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses
Groups of words that don't contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence
Should be offset by commas
Ex. Jack Smith, who studied drama in New York City, was ideal.
Random comma rules
Separate quotations from text: "Yo", dad exclaimed
When an independent clause preceeds a dependent clause: Some of us could not spend it more foolishly, If time were gold.
Separate city from state: Las Vegas, NV
Semicolon rules
Placed between two related independent clauses
Precede conjuctive adverbs: However, therefore
When a sentence contains a series of elements that contain one or more commas, the division between the elements should be a semicolon
Colon Rules
Herald something that is to immediatly follow an independent clause: this usually comes in the form of a list
...
Pronoun: Nominative
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Pronoun: Objective
me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Pronoun: Possessive
my, mine, your, your's, his, her, her's, it's, our, ours, their, theirs
Suffixes for words ending in "C
If a word ends in "c" and the suffix is a "e", "i", or "y", then the letter "k" should be inserted
Ex. colic+y= colicky; mimic+ed= mimicked
What should follow the salutation of an informal letter?
Comma
Ex. Dear Mom,
Words ending in -ceed
Emceed, exceed, proceed, succeed
Words ending in -sede
Supersede
Words end in -cede
Accede, antecede, concede, intercede, recede, retrocede
Words ending in -able
If the root word is a complete word add the suffix -able.
Ex. avail+able= available
If the root word ends in "e" drop the "e" before adding -able
Ex. love+able= lovable
Words ending in -ible
If the root word isn't a complete word ad -ible
Ex. aud+ible= audible
Words ending in -ance, -ancy, -ant
If the suffix is proceeded by a hard "c" or "g" then add the suffix
Ex. Extravagant, elegance, vacancy
Words ending in -ence, -ency, -ent
If the suffix is proceeded by a soft "c" or "g" then add the suffix
Absence, agency, emergent
Words ending in -tion and -sion
If the word ends in "t" -tion can be added
If the word ends in "s" -sion can be added
Distraction, regression
Words ending in -cian
If a word names a person then it should end in -cian
Physician, technician, musician
Homophones: Affect and Effect
Affect (verb): To have an effect on
Effect (noun): Something that is brought about by a cause
Homophones: Ascent and Assent
Ascent (noun): A slope that angles upwards
Assent (noun): Agreement
Homophones: All ready and Already
All ready (adjective): Everyone or everything is ready
Already (adverb): By this time
What should be used to herald something, that is to immediately follow an independent clause?
Colon
Homophones: All together and Altogether
All together (adjective): Everyone in a group
Altogether (adverb): Entirely, completely
Homophones: Altar and Alter
Altar (noun): A structure used in worship
Alter (verb): To change
Homophones: Bear and Bare
Bear (verb): To carry or support
Bare: (verb): To expose
Homophones: Capital and Capitol
Capital (noun): A leading or governing city
Capitol (noun): A building that houses the states lawmakers
Homophones: Cite and Site
Cite (verb): To use as an example, to quote
Site (noun): A location
Homophones: Complement and Compliment
Complement (noun): An element that completes
Compliment (noun): A remark of appreciation
When a sentence contains a series of elements that contain one or more commas, what Divides the elements?
Semicolon
Homophones: Council and Counsel
Council (noun): A body of people assembled for advice
Counsel (noun): Advice
Homophones: Descent and Dissent
Descent (noun): A slope that angels downward
Dissent (noun): Disagreement
What should separate a city from a state?
Comma
Homophones: Dying and Dyeing
Dying (verb): Ceasing to live
Dyeing (verb): Coloring a fabric
Homophones: Forth and Fourth
Forth (adverb): Forward in place or time
Fourth (noun): The element in a series that is after the 3rd
Homophones: Principal and Principle
Principal (noun): Chief or Leader
Principle (noun): A belief or rule of conduct
What should follow a salutation of an informal letter?
Colon
Homophones: Stationary and Stationery
Stationary (adjective): Not moving
Stationery (noun): Paper for writing letters
Homophones: Their, They're, and there
Their (adjective): Belonging to them
They're: Contraction of "they are"
There (adjective): In that place
Introductory words (yes and no) should be separated by what?
Comma
Ex. "Yes, sir
Homophones: To, Too, and Two
To (preposition): Indicates movement or intent
Too (adverb): Also
Two (adjective): Something that has two units
Homophones: Whose and Who's
Whose (adjective): Belonging to whom
Who's: Contraction of "who is
Homophones: Your and You're
Your (adjective): Belonging to you
You're: Contraction of you are
Capitalization
Geographical locations
Cardinal directions
Historical documents and events Nationalities, races, and religions Monuments, ships, and planes
Proper names and titles of rank
Showing family relationship (when they stand alone or are followed by a personal na
Ellipses
Used to suggest hesitation, attempt to conceal something, unfinished thought, or difficulty expressing oneself
When a dependent clause precedes an independent clause in a complex sentence; What should separate the two?
A comma
If a word does not fit entirely on a line what is place to separate the word?
Hyphen
If compound numbers function as adjective, what separates them? (24-hour)
Hyphen
What is used to join a prefix and a proper adjective or noun? (un-American rug) (un-American)
Hyphen
Words that need to be hyphenated
Self-sufficient
Self-esteem
What encloses supplementary or explanatory material that interrupts the main sentence?
Parentheses
When should a period be added in the parenthesis
If the material in the parenthesis is a complete sentence that is not located within another sentence
What is used to enclose chapters, articles, and short stories, songs, plays, etc?
Quotation marks
What is used to enclose technical terms or slang?
Quotation marks
What is used when making a quotation inside of a quotation?
Single quotes
What do you add to a noun or indefinite pronoun (that doesn't end in "s") to form a possessive case
Apostrophe
Ex. The boy's cat was stuck in the tree.
How do you form a possessive case of a plural noun that ends in an "s
Apostrophe
Ex. The tree's look beautiful
Apostrophes are used in certain expression of time
A week's vacation
How do you pluralize letters, numbers, and words
Apostrophe
Ex. Dot your i's and cross your t's; 4's; no if's and's or but's about it
How do you show omission of letters or numbers as in contractions or dates
Apostrophe
Ex. '05; can't
Where are commas used within dates
They separate two textual or two numerical elements
Ex. Saturday, January 14, 2031
Parenthetical expressions
Expressions that are not really part of the main idea of the sentence, or that interrupt the main sentence.
Ex. The tortoise, as far as we know, likes eating lettuce
Appositives
Renames a noun in another part of the sentence
Ex. Our teacher, Paul, will be online later today
Words of direct address
Uses the names of the people to whom you are speaking, or it may use other words which take the place of the actual names
Ex. Boys, are you ready to go? (boys)
Who
A subject pronoun, in reference to people
Performer of the action
Tip: Who=He
Ex. Who threw the ball
Whom
An object pronoun, in reference to people.
The receiver of the action.
Tip: Whom=Him
Ex. Jim threw the ball to whom?
That" and "Which
That= people and things
Which= things
Direct object
the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb and answers the questions (whom, or what) after the verb inthe sentence
Indirect object
the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb. Example: "Nate" in the sentence "I threw the ball to Nate.
Conjunctive adverbs
Adverbs that act like conjunctions; therefore they connect the information in two clauses or sentences.
Common Noun
Name general people, animals, places, and things
Ex. Firefighter, City, Mountain
Proper Nouns
Name specific People, animals, places, and things.
They always begin with a capital letter.
Ex. John, New York, Mt. Rushmore
Compound adjectives
Two or more words that are modifying or limiting a noun.
Ex. Follow the step-by-step instructions.
Indefinite Pronoun
They don't refer to anything or anyone specific (vague).
Ex. They
Direct Dialogue
When you quote, exactly, directly, what a person said. (needs qutations)
Ryan said, "Look over the trees.
Indirect Dialogue
tells about what someone says. (no qutations)
Ryan says we need to look over the trees.
Action Verbs
Present tense
Ex. Sheila and Tom are walking in the park
Conjunctive adverbs
Furthermore, accordingly, indeed, nonetheless
What is a declarative sentence?
declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an opinion. In other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence ends with a period.
What is a imperative sentence?
imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It usually ends with a period but can, under certain circumstances, end with an exclamation point.
What is a interrogative sentence?
interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence often begins with who, what, where, when, why, how, or do, and it ends with a question mark.
What is a exclamatory sentence?
exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotion such as excitement, surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with an exclamation point.
Simple predicate is what in a sentence?
the "verb" that is acting with the subject.
What is Active Voice?
Expresses an action done by its subject.
What is Passive Voice?
The subject of the sentence receives the action.
What is simple subject in a sentence?
Every sentence has to have two parts: a subject and a verb (or predicate). The subject tells us who or what is the focus of the sentence. When we have a simple subject, there is only one noun that completes the action in the sentence.
Nouns
Person, place, thing, animal, idea, or feeling
Verbs
Action verbs
Passive verbs
Linking verbs
Adjectives
Describe a noun
Adverbs
Describe a verb
preposition
(In, out, around, about, etc.)
Articles
a, an (indefinite), the (definite)
Prepositional phrases
contains a preposition (In, out, around, about, etc.), an article (the, a, an, etc.), and an object of the preposition.
Example: Ryan headed (to the mall) (for the lastest release) (by the band) (from his home state) (of NC).
Clauses
A string of two or more words, with a subject and a verb
Ex. When the saints go marching in
Ex. Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon.
Phrase
A string of two or more words, that do not have a subject and a verb
Ex. because of her glittering smile
Ex. broken into thousands of pieces
Antecedents
A noun that a pronoun refers back to.
What is used to separate a quotation from interrupting text?
Comma
First person
Singular: I, me, mine, my
Plural: We, us, our, ours
Second person
Singular: you, yours, your
Plural: you, yours, your
Third person
Singular: he, she, him, her, hers, it, its, one, everyone,
Plural: they, them, their, theirs, people
What is used between a title and sub-title of a book?
Colon
Coordinating conjunctions
Joins two or more words or phrases (equal value between both clauses)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
(FANBOYS)
Subordinating conjunction
Joins two or more clauses (the clause containing the subordinating conjuction has less value)
Because, though, although, as, as if, when, while
Nominalization
Making a noun from a verb, adverb, or adjective
Active verb
Verbs that show an action performed by the subject of the sentence
Ex. Sheila and tom take a walk in the park
Passive verb
Past tense
Ex. Was cooked. Was seen.
Sentence: Definition
In his wood working he used a type of file known as a rasp
Sentence: Description
Allen is malcontent
Sentence: Example
The menu listed such delicacies as frog legs, snails, etc.
Sentence: Synonym
The ophthalmologist, or eye doctor told me to wear these
Sentence: Antonym
Unlike life in the country, henderson was a quaint existence
Parenthetical expressions should be offset by what?
Comma
Sentence: Comparison
Explains how two items are similar
Sentence: Contrast
Emphasizes the differences rather than the similarities.
Sentence: Explanation
He was awarded a degree posthumously; He died a month before graduation
What precedes conjunctive adverbs?
Semicolon
Prefix
Added to the beginning of the word to modify it
Suffix
Added to the end of the word to modify it
Root word
the root meaning of the word
Simple sentence
A sentence that contains only one clause, and has complete meaning (independent clause)
Ex. Some students like to study in the mornings.
Ex. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
Topic sentence
Is usually given at the beginning of the paragraph
Periodic sentence
The meaning of the sentence isn't revealed until the end, usually in the form of an independent clause
Independent clause
A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and expresses a complete thought
Dependent clause
A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and does not contain a complete thought
Cumulative sentence
The independent clause is at the beginning of a sentence
Ex. He dipped his hands in the bichloride solution and shook them--a quick shake, fingers down, like the fingers of a pianist above the keys
ie
I" before "e" except after "c" or in words like neighbor and weigh
Suffixed for words ending in "e
Word ends in silent "e", added suffix begins with vowel, drop the letter "e" when adding the suffix: age+ing=aging
Word ends in silent "e", added suffix begins with consonant, keep the letter when adding suffix: awe+some=awesome
Suffixed for words ending in "y
If word ends with a "y" preceded by a vowel, keep the "y" when adding the suffix: Annoy+ance=annoyance
If a word ends with a "y" precede by a consonant drop the y when adding a suffix: Carry+ed=carried
Suffixes for words ending in a consonant-vowel-consanant pattern (CVC)
If a word ends with a CVC then double the final consanant: Bag+age = Baggage
If a word has more than one syllable, and the accent is on the last syllable, double the final consanant before adding the suffix: allot+ed = allotted
Prefix: un
Not: unarmed
Prefix: re
Again: Readjust
Prefix: in
Not: Invisible
Prefix: dis
Not: disorganized
Suffix: ia, y
State or condition: amnesia, democracy
Suffix: ic, ical, ac
Having to do with: physical, cardiac, endoscopic
Suffix: ism
Belief in: activism
Suffix: ology
The study of: archeology
Suffix: or, er
one who takes part in: conductor, fighter
Root: arch
Ruler: tetrarch
Root: audio
Sound: audiovisual
Root: bio
Life: biochemistry
Root: chrom
Color: monochrome
Root: geo
Earth: geode
Root: graph
Written: biographic
Root: morph
Form: morphine
Root: ortho
Correct: unorthodox
Root: ped
Foot: millipede
Root: terra
Earth: terrace
Root: therma
Heat: exothermal
What is placed between two independent clauses, if the latter clause expands on the former clause?
Colon
What is placed between two related independent clauses?
Semicolon
Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses
Groups of words that don't contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence
Should be offset by commas
Ex. Jack Smith, who studied drama in New York City, was ideal.
Random comma rules
Separate quotations from text: "Yo", dad exclaimed
When an independent clause preceeds a dependent clause: Some of us could not spend it more foolishly, If time were gold.
Separate city from state: Las Vegas, NV
Semicolon rules
Placed between two related independent clauses
Precede conjuctive adverbs: However, therefore
When a sentence contains a series of elements that contain one or more commas, the division between the elements should be a semicolon
Colon Rules
Herald something that is to immediatly follow an independent clause: this usually comes in the form of a list
...
Pronoun: Nominative
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Pronoun: Objective
me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Pronoun: Possessive
my, mine, your, your's, his, her, her's, it's, our, ours, their, theirs
Suffixes for words ending in "C
If a word ends in "c" and the suffix is a "e", "i", or "y", then the letter "k" should be inserted
Ex. colic+y= colicky; mimic+ed= mimicked
What should follow the salutation of an informal letter?
Comma
Ex. Dear Mom,
Words ending in -ceed
Emceed, exceed, proceed, succeed
Words ending in -sede
Supersede
Words end in -cede
Accede, antecede, concede, intercede, recede, retrocede
Words ending in -able
If the root word is a complete word add the suffix -able.
Ex. avail+able= available
If the root word ends in "e" drop the "e" before adding -able
Ex. love+able= lovable
Words ending in -ible
If the root word isn't a complete word ad -ible
Ex. aud+ible= audible
Words ending in -ance, -ancy, -ant
If the suffix is proceeded by a hard "c" or "g" then add the suffix
Ex. Extravagant, elegance, vacancy
Words ending in -ence, -ency, -ent
If the suffix is proceeded by a soft "c" or "g" then add the suffix
Absence, agency, emergent
Words ending in -tion and -sion
If the word ends in "t" -tion can be added
If the word ends in "s" -sion can be added
Distraction, regression
Words ending in -cian
If a word names a person then it should end in -cian
Physician, technician, musician
Homophones: Affect and Effect
Affect (verb): To have an effect on
Effect (noun): Something that is brought about by a cause
Homophones: Ascent and Assent
Ascent (noun): A slope that angles upwards
Assent (noun): Agreement
Homophones: All ready and Already
All ready (adjective): Everyone or everything is ready
Already (adverb): By this time
What should be used to herald something, that is to immediately follow an independent clause?
Colon
Homophones: All together and Altogether
All together (adjective): Everyone in a group
Altogether (adverb): Entirely, completely
Homophones: Altar and Alter
Altar (noun): A structure used in worship
Alter (verb): To change
Homophones: Bear and Bare
Bear (verb): To carry or support
Bare: (verb): To expose
Homophones: Capital and Capitol
Capital (noun): A leading or governing city
Capitol (noun): A building that houses the states lawmakers
Homophones: Cite and Site
Cite (verb): To use as an example, to quote
Site (noun): A location
Homophones: Complement and Compliment
Complement (noun): An element that completes
Compliment (noun): A remark of appreciation
When a sentence contains a series of elements that contain one or more commas, what Divides the elements?
Semicolon
Homophones: Council and Counsel
Council (noun): A body of people assembled for advice
Counsel (noun): Advice
Homophones: Descent and Dissent
Descent (noun): A slope that angels downward
Dissent (noun): Disagreement
What should separate a city from a state?
Comma
Homophones: Dying and Dyeing
Dying (verb): Ceasing to live
Dyeing (verb): Coloring a fabric
Homophones: Forth and Fourth
Forth (adverb): Forward in place or time
Fourth (noun): The element in a series that is after the 3rd
Homophones: Principal and Principle
Principal (noun): Chief or Leader
Principle (noun): A belief or rule of conduct
What should follow a salutation of an informal letter?
Colon
Homophones: Stationary and Stationery
Stationary (adjective): Not moving
Stationery (noun): Paper for writing letters
Homophones: Their, They're, and there
Their (adjective): Belonging to them
They're: Contraction of "they are"
There (adjective): In that place
Introductory words (yes and no) should be separated by what?
Comma
Ex. "Yes, sir
Homophones: To, Too, and Two
To (preposition): Indicates movement or intent
Too (adverb): Also
Two (adjective): Something that has two units
Homophones: Whose and Who's
Whose (adjective): Belonging to whom
Who's: Contraction of "who is
Homophones: Your and You're
Your (adjective): Belonging to you
You're: Contraction of you are
Capitalization
Geographical locations
Cardinal directions
Historical documents and events Nationalities, races, and religions Monuments, ships, and planes
Proper names and titles of rank
Showing family relationship (when they stand alone or are followed by a personal na
Ellipses
Used to suggest hesitation, attempt to conceal something, unfinished thought, or difficulty expressing oneself
When a dependent clause precedes an independent clause in a complex sentence; What should separate the two?
A comma
If a word does not fit entirely on a line what is place to separate the word?
Hyphen
If compound numbers function as adjective, what separates them? (24-hour)
Hyphen
What is used to join a prefix and a proper adjective or noun? (un-American rug) (un-American)
Hyphen
Words that need to be hyphenated
Self-sufficient
Self-esteem
What encloses supplementary or explanatory material that interrupts the main sentence?
Parentheses
When should a period be added in the parenthesis
If the material in the parenthesis is a complete sentence that is not located within another sentence
What is used to enclose chapters, articles, and short stories, songs, plays, etc?
Quotation marks
What is used to enclose technical terms or slang?
Quotation marks
What is used when making a quotation inside of a quotation?
Single quotes
What do you add to a noun or indefinite pronoun (that doesn't end in "s") to form a possessive case
Apostrophe
Ex. The boy's cat was stuck in the tree.
How do you form a possessive case of a plural noun that ends in an "s
Apostrophe
Ex. The tree's look beautiful
Apostrophes are used in certain expression of time
A week's vacation
How do you pluralize letters, numbers, and words
Apostrophe
Ex. Dot your i's and cross your t's; 4's; no if's and's or but's about it
How do you show omission of letters or numbers as in contractions or dates
Apostrophe
Ex. '05; can't
Where are commas used within dates
They separate two textual or two numerical elements
Ex. Saturday, January 14, 2031
Parenthetical expressions
Expressions that are not really part of the main idea of the sentence, or that interrupt the main sentence.
Ex. The tortoise, as far as we know, likes eating lettuce
Appositives
Renames a noun in another part of the sentence
Ex. Our teacher, Paul, will be online later today
Words of direct address
Uses the names of the people to whom you are speaking, or it may use other words which take the place of the actual names
Ex. Boys, are you ready to go? (boys)
Who
A subject pronoun, in reference to people
Performer of the action
Tip: Who=He
Ex. Who threw the ball
Whom
An object pronoun, in reference to people.
The receiver of the action.
Tip: Whom=Him
Ex. Jim threw the ball to whom?
That" and "Which
That= people and things
Which= things
Direct object
the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb and answers the questions (whom, or what) after the verb inthe sentence
Indirect object
the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb. Example: "Nate" in the sentence "I threw the ball to Nate.
Conjunctive adverbs
Adverbs that act like conjunctions; therefore they connect the information in two clauses or sentences.
Common Noun
Name general people, animals, places, and things
Ex. Firefighter, City, Mountain
Proper Nouns
Name specific People, animals, places, and things.
They always begin with a capital letter.
Ex. John, New York, Mt. Rushmore
Compound adjectives
Two or more words that are modifying or limiting a noun.
Ex. Follow the step-by-step instructions.
Indefinite Pronoun
They don't refer to anything or anyone specific (vague).
Ex. They
Direct Dialogue
When you quote, exactly, directly, what a person said. (needs qutations)
Ryan said, "Look over the trees.
Indirect Dialogue
tells about what someone says. (no qutations)
Ryan says we need to look over the trees.
Action Verbs
Present tense
Ex. Sheila and Tom are walking in the park
Conjunctive adverbs
Furthermore, accordingly, indeed, nonetheless
What is a declarative sentence?
declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an opinion. In other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence ends with a period.
What is a imperative sentence?
imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It usually ends with a period but can, under certain circumstances, end with an exclamation point.
What is a interrogative sentence?
interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence often begins with who, what, where, when, why, how, or do, and it ends with a question mark.
What is a exclamatory sentence?
exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotion such as excitement, surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with an exclamation point.
Simple predicate is what in a sentence?
the "verb" that is acting with the subject.
What is Active Voice?
Expresses an action done by its subject.
What is Passive Voice?
The subject of the sentence receives the action.
What is simple subject in a sentence?
Every sentence has to have two parts: a subject and a verb (or predicate). The subject tells us who or what is the focus of the sentence. When we have a simple subject, there is only one noun that completes the action in the sentence.