Ethics and Value

? De? ne morals, and give an example that is not in the text.
? De? ne ethics, and give an example that is not in the text.
? How is bioethics different from ethics?
? Why do nurses need to study ethics?

Definition: Morals refers to private, personal, or group standards of right and wrong. Usually a person learns and internalizes these fundamental standards early in childhood. Moral behavior is that which is in accordance with custom or tradition and usua

? De? ne ethical agency.
? What ? ve abilities must be present for ethical agency to exist?
? List at least three constraints that can keep nurses from carrying out their moral decisions.

Ethical agency is the ability of nurses to base their practice on professional standards of ethical conduct�that is, to participate in ethical decision making. Simply stated, it means that nurses have choices and are responsible for their actions
For ethi

? What are values?
? What are three characteristics of values?

What are values?
Answer:
Values are ideals, beliefs, customs, modes of conduct, qualities, or goals that are highly prized or preferred by individuals, groups, or society. Values are the beliefs about the worth of something.
? What are three characteristi

? De? ne belief; give a new example
. ? De? ne attitude; give a new example

Define belief; give a new example.
Answer:
A belief is something that one accepts as true (e.g., "I believe that germs cause disease and that by washing my hands I remove germs."). Beliefs are based sometimes on faith and sometimes on facts. A belief may

What is the difference between personal and professional values?
? What is an example of professional values?
? What are some other types of values?

? What is the difference between personal and professional values?
Answer:
These values have the following differences:
? Personal values are those that are part of your own value system that you have chosen. These may include money, friendship, scholarsh

? What are some ways that values can be transmitted?
? What is value neutrality?

What are some ways that values can be transmitted?
Answer:
Values can be transmitted in a number of ways, including the following:
? Modeling values from others: parents and peers
? Making responsible choices
? Results of reward and punishment
? What is v

? Describe utilitarianism.
? De? ne deontology.

Describe utilitarianism.
Answer:
Utilitarianism is the ethical theory stating that the value of a situation is determined by its usefulness.
? Define deontology.
Answer:
Deontology is an ethical theory that is almost opposite of the utilitarian model in t

? How does feminist ethics affect ethical decision-making?
? What does the ethics-of-care model emphasize?

How does feminist ethics affect ethical decision making?
Answer:
Contrary to principle-based deontological approach, feminist ethics affects ethical decision making by considering the following:
? Value of relationships (it is impossible to remain objecti

? How would the nurse use a professional guideline or code of ethics to assist in the ethical decision-making process?
? What are some examples of such resources?

How would the nurse use a professional guideline or code of ethics to assist in the ethical decision-making process?
Answer:
Professional guidelines or codes of ethics can assist the nurse by providing statements of what the ethical standard is for member

? What is values clari? cation?
? What are the steps in values clari? cation?

What is values clarification?
Answer:
Values clarification is the process of becoming more conscious about and naming what one values or considers worthy.
? What are the steps in values clarification?
Answer:
The three steps in values clarification involv

? De? ne ethical dilemma. ? How can you recognize an ethical problem?
? What is an integrity-producing compromise?
? What are the functions of an ethics committee?
? What does the mnemonic MORAL stand for?

What is values clarification?
Answer:
Values clarification is the process of becoming more conscious about and naming what one values or considers worthy.
? What are the steps in values clarification?
Answer:
The three steps in values clarification involv

? What are three reasons why patients may need a nurse advocate?
? Brie? y describe the nurse's role as a patient advocate.

Define ethical dilemma.
Answer:
An ethical dilemma is a situation in which a choice must be made between two equally undesirable actions. There is no clearly right or wrong option. Conflicting principles can produce an ethical dilemma.
? How can you recog

? Do Alan's parents have the right to refuse a blood transfusion based on their religious beliefs?
? Do you think the fact that Alan is a minor (under 18 years old) may make a difference in this situation?
? What actions do you think the charge nurse shou

What are three reasons that patients may need a nurse advocate?
Answer:
Patient may need a nurse advocate for these reasons, as discussed in the text:
1. Nurses have special knowledge that the patient does not have. Diseases, treatments, and the healthcar

Critical thinking: Consider the ? ve components of ethical agency. To what extent do you believe nurses possess those abilities? Explain your thinking

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? Think about what you value personally in your own life. What are the ? ve ideals, principles, or things that are most important to you?
? Now refer back to Chapter 13, where you were asked to list ? ve ideals, principles, or things that were most import

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? Think about Alan and his family ("Meet Your Patients"). What do you think were the values of Alan's parents that in? uenced their behavior at the hospital? First, identify their behaviors speci? cally. Then speculate about the values underlying each beh

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? Name some other examples of societal values.
? What groups and social experiences have helped to form your values?
? Examine your personal values to see whether they match the professional values in Table 44-2. Which of those values, if any, do you not

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? Describe a time in your life when you used consequentialism to resolve a dif? cult situation.
? What types of clinical dilemmas might be best resolved using this model

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Think about the "Meet Your Patients" scenario in terms of nonmale? cence. The parents refuse to allow a blood transfusion. You, the nurse, have tried to persuade them to change their minds. You do not need to decide what you ought to do; just analyze the

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Look again at the emergency department situation described in "What Is Nursing Ethics?" at the beginning of this chapter. In this scenario, two little boys were treated for lacerations. Which principle of justice was violated: distributive, compensatory,

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