By "faculties," Aristotle means
capacities to experience passions
According to Aristotle, the ultimate good is
eudaimonia......good
A moral exemplar is a
person who serves as a role model.
According to virtue ethics, emotions
play a crucial role in moral understanding.
What does moral understanding require, according to virtue ethics?
emotional maturity
Aristotle believed that virtue
must be acquired through training
According to virtue ethics, we become more insightful in selecting moral exemplars
by becoming morally wiser
What do people seek above all else, according to Aristotle?
eudaimonia
According to Aristotle, people are naturally
none of the above
According to Aristotle, what is characteristic of vice?
both a and b
Aristotle claims that when writing on ethics, one should
speak only in general outline.
According to Aristotle, taking pleasure in virtuous actions
is a sign that one is truly virtuous
According to virtue ethics, moral understanding is a species of
practical wisdom.
Which of the following is a statement of the priority problem
Virtue ethics wrongly defines duty in terms of virtue instead of vice versa.
According to Aristotle, ethics is fundamentally about
avoiding excess and deficiency in everything
According to Kant, the demands of morality are
categorical imperatives
Something is a case of moral luck if
the morality of one's action depends on factors outside of one's control.
The Amoralist's Challenge is a direct challenge to what?
Kant's claim that immoral conduct is irrational
The principle of humanity states
always treat a human being as an end, and never as a mere means
Which of the following characterizes cases of moral luck?
The morality of an action depends on factors outside of one's control.
Kant claims that while we have a duty to preserve our own lives most people don't act
from this duty.
According to the text, what is wrong with the principle of universalizability?
It permits the actions of principled fanatics.
The golden rule fails to give any guidance concerning
self-regarding actions
According to Kant's theory, telling a white lie is
morally impermissible
Which of the following claims about non-human animals did Kant not endorse?
It is permissible to treat them in any way we like
Kant claims that the only thing that can be said to be good "without limitation" is
the good will
Kant believed that it is permissible to lie
none of the above
What did Kant believe is the relationship between rationality and morality?
Rationality requires us to be moral.
According to Kant, virtuous character traits are
none of the above
When Kant talks about humanity, to whom is he referring?
all and only those beings that possess autonomy and rationality
Kant believed that humans have dignity by virtue of their
rationality and autonomy.
The question "What if everyone did that?" does not provide an acceptable ethical standard because
all of the above
What is a hypothetical imperative, according to Kant?
a command of reason that depends on our desires
What is a maxim in Kant's terminology?
any principle upon which one bases one's action
Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative requires that we
treat human beings as ends in themselves.
Which does Kant think has more moral worth: grudgingly giving money to charity because you know it's the right thing to do or happily giving money to charity just because you like helping people?
grudgingly giving the money
In Kant's theory, a maxim is a(n)
principle of action that one gives to oneself.
The principle of universalizability states that you should act
only according to maxims that are universalizable.
Kant claimed that
acting immorally is always irrational.
The principle of universalizability does not account for the immorality of
principled fanatics.
Unlike the principle of universalizability, the principle of humanity can account for the immorality of what?
the fanatic
According to Kant, which actions have maxims?
all of the above
What is the fundamental principle of morality, according to Kant?
Act only on maxims that are universalizable.
Kant thinks that actions are truly praiseworthy when
they are performed from the good will
An amoralist is someone who
believes in morality but does not care about it at all.
According to Kant, under what conditions is punishment always unjust?
when the criminal is not autonomous
According to utilitarianism, slavery
can be justified under certain circumstances
What is motivating a person who acts from the good will?
an understanding of what is morally required
What is a categorical imperative, according to Kant?
a command of reason that does not depend on our desires
Autonomy is the
ability to decide which principles will govern your life.
Paternalism is limiting
the liberty of others for their own good.
Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative requires assessing the
maxim on which one is acting.
What is the only thing Kant takes to be "good without limitation"?
a good will
To have integrity is to act
in harmony with the principles you believe in.
What does Kant think is the fundamental principle of morality?
both b and c
In Kant's view, your action has moral worth if and only if
you do it because you understand that it is the right thing to do.
Treating someone as a means is to treat her
as a way to help you achieve your goals.
Which of the following did Kant believe to be the central moral virtue?
integrity
What is the only thing that has value in all circumstances, according to Kant?
the good will
According to Kant, an action is morally acceptable if and only if
its maxim is universalizable
According to Kant, the main problem with the golden rule is that it
makes morality depend on a person's desires.
A categorical imperative is a requirement of reason that
applies to us regardless of our desires
According to Kant, actions have moral worth only if they
are done from duty.
The principle of an eye for an eye
all the above
Which of the following is Kant's principle of humanity?
Always treat a human being as an end, never as a mere means
According to Kant, what makes a will good?
its volition�that it wills the good
Treating someone as an end is to treat her
with the respect she deserves.
What principle did Kant think tells us what criminals deserve?
lex talionis
According to Kant, the only thing that is valuable in all circumstances is
the good will
According to Kant, the consequences of an action
are irrelevant to the moral status of that action.
Which of the following best characterizes Kant's moral theory?
It is inconsistent with consequentialism
According to Kant, moral requirements apply to all
who possess reason.
Which of the following claims, if true, would refute Kant's theory?
People are not autonomous
How does Kant describe the prudent shopkeeper?
He acts in accordance with duty but not necessarily from duty.
According to Kant, if two actions have the same result they
none of the above
To determine what people deserve, Kant recommended that we consult
the principle of lex talionis
What does Kant mean by a maxim?
a principle of action that one gives to oneself
Kant believed that it is possible to be motivated
from an understanding of our moral duty, without any desire or emotion.
Kant claims that the morality of an action depends on
one's intentions.
According to Kant's theory, non-human animals
have no moral rights
According to Hobbes, moral obligations arise from
contracts
If contractarianism is true, then the moral community includes
neither a nor b
According to contractarianism, an action is morally right when it
is permitted by the rules that free, equal, and rational people would agree to.
What does the approach known as proceduralism claim?
Ethical theorizing should begin by identifying a method for distinguishing right from wrong
What is Hobbes's definition of injustice?
the breaking of a contract
Why does Hobbes think that we should seek peace?
because it is in our own self-interest
According to contractarians, the contractors who fix the content of morality are
rational and self-interested
What is the term for the idea that we have agreed to obey the law simply by living where we do?
tacit consent
According to contractarians, the ultimate point of morality is to
promote self-interest through mutually beneficial agreements
Hobbes argued that
the risks of doing wrong always outweigh its potential benefits.
According to Hobbes, life in the absence of a government would be
horrible
Hobbes thinks that people's voluntary actions are
always done out of self-interest.
The Fool" is someone who claims that
it is sometimes rational to break our covenants.
According to Hobbes, in the state of nature
there is no justice or injustice
According to contractarians, our fundamental moral duties are determined by
what we would agree to if we were free, rational, and seeking mutual cooperation.
To be self-interested is to
have a strong concern for how well you are faring in life.
According to contractarianism, what fixes our basic moral duties?
the agreements we would make if we were free, rational, and seeking cooperation
Which of the following are members of the moral community, according to contractarianism?
all contractors
Hobbes claims that nature has made people roughly equal in all of the following except
scientific knowledge
Which of the following best describes the free-rider problem?
People can sometimes enjoy common goods without contributing to them
When does contractarianism claim that civil disobedience is justified?
whenever a law is grossly unjust
According to Hobbes, what is the fundamental reason for acting?
self-interest
What was Thomas Hobbes's term for a condition in which there is no government to maintain order?
the state of nature
According to proceduralism, we should begin moral inquiry
by identifying a method for determining right from wrong
The purpose of Rawls's "veil of ignorance" is to
ensure that the choices of the contractors are fair.
According to contractarianism, we are morally required to do whatever
none of the above
For Hobbes, a well-ordered society is one in which
there are reliable threats against breaking mutually beneficial rules.
Contractarians have traditionally taken the view that people are for the most part
rational and self-interested.
What is the conclusion of the Consent Argument?
Many people do not have a duty to obey the law.
Hobbes claims that the nature of war consists in
the lack of assurance of peace.
The founder of modern contractarianism is
Thomas Hobbes.
An example of proceduralism would be
all of the above
According to contractarianism, the state's ultimate purpose is to
aid our escape from the state of nature.
What is the term for a situation in which everyone is made worse off when all pursue self-interest?
prisoner's dilemma
All contractarians agree that the contractors who fix the content of morality are
none of the above
According to contractarianism, we do best for ourselves by agreeing to
limit the direct pursuit of self-interest
According to Hobbes, what is the principal cause of conflict in the state of nature?
all of the above
According to contractarianism, what motivates the contractors to select the rules they do?
rational self-interest
Which of the following is not an advantage of contractarianism?
It ensures everyone is as well off as possible.
What is Rawls's veil of ignorance thought to ensure?
both a and b
Contractarianism originated as a __________ theory.
political
According to contractarianism, it is permissible to break moral rules whenever
most others consistently fail to abide by them
Some contractarians believe that we all have a duty to obey the law because
we have tacitly consented to do so
According to the Consent Argument
all of the above
Under what circumstances does Hobbes think that people act for reasons other than self-interest?
none of the above (People always act out of self-interest.)
Which of the following best characterizes the attitude of Hobbes's character "the Fool"?
He believes that breaking promises is unjust but doesn't care
A prisoner's dilemma is a situation in which
all people benefit if all people refrain from pursuing their short-term interests.
According to contractarianism, breaking the law is justified whenever
a law is grossly unjust
Contractarianism states that actions are morally right if and only if
they are permitted by rules that free, equal, and rational people would agree to live by.
Which of the following is not an advantage of contractarianism?
It explains why we have moral obligations to all fellow persons.
What did Hobbes think is the only way to escape from the condition in which there is no government to maintain order?
to mutually agree on a set of rules for social cooperation
According to the moral theory of contractarianism, the final authority on ethics is
none of the above
Which of the following is a problem for the idea of veil of ignorance?
It is unclear why we should follow agreements made by people unlike us.
Rawls's veil of ignorance is a(n)
. imaginary device for ensuring that contractors make fair choices.
Contractarianism regards moral rules as
objective
Hobbes claimed that life in the state of nature would be
a war of all against all.
What is a "law of nature," according to Hobbes?
a rational principle that allows people to effectively pursue their own self-interest
What is the "state of nature"?
a situation in which there are no laws of government
In Hobbes's philosophy, "the Fool" is someone who
believes that it is sometimes rational to behave unjustly
Prisoner's dilemmas are
a kind of situation which occurs often in the real world.
Contractarians seek to justify basic moral rules by showing that
free, equal, and rational people would agree to such rules.
According to Rawls's theory,
the contractors never disagree.
According to Hobbes, what is needed to ensure that a contract is followed?
that there be some power to force contracting parties to follow it
Situations in which one person can benefit from a common good without contributing anything are sometimes referred to as the
free-rider problem.
A kind of suicide occurs when
I act contrary to my core moral commitments.
According to Calhoun personal virtues consist in
Having the proper relation to oneself
According to Calhoun social virtues consist in
Having the proper relation to others.
When persons of integrity use their best judgment to determine what ought to be done they think
This judgment ought to matter to fellow deliberators.
To say that our moral commitments are identity-conferring means that
They (largely) determine our moral identities.
According to McFall integrity is
A personal virtue.
Which of the following is an example of a personal virtue?
Temperance.
Our core commitments are
All of the above
The Olaf Principle requires that
Some of our moral commitments are unconditional.
Calhoun thinks that integrity is a
Social virtue