According to the divine command theory, God reveals to us, but does not determine, what is right and wrong
FALSE
A problem that the text raised with the divine command theory of ethics is that
if moral goodness is defined in terms of God's will, it makes it meaningless to say God's will is good
According to Plato, the three parts of the self are
the appetites, reason, and the spirited part
In the reading from Plato's Republic, Glaucon says that the reason to be moral is because
of its social consequences
Plato says we should be moral because
immorality is a disease of the inner person
All religious philosophers necessarily hold to the divine command theory of ethics
FALSE
In his dialogue Euthyphro, Plato took the position that the gods approve of certain actions because these actions are good
TRUE
In Plato's story of the ring of Gyges, the ring had the power to make one invisible
TRUE
The task of normative ethics is to describe various cultures' moral beliefs
FALSE
Subjectivists and conventionalists in ethics agree that moral principles are relative to human opinion, but they disagree over whether this is individual opinion or societal opinion
TRUE
Which of the following statements contradicts ethical objectivism
a moral principle can be correct for me but necessarily correct for you
Which of the following ethical theories would fit best with the claim that values are like flavors or ice cream, i.e., simply a matter of personal preference
subjectivism
Which one of the following claims of the moral absolutist distinguishes this position from other forms of ethical objectivism
moral principles cannot be overridden and cannot have any exceptions
With which of the following claims must a conventional ethical relativist disagree
some cultural practices are less moral than others
Which of the following is not an objection to conventional ethical relativism
it implies we could tell whether an action is right or not simply by referring to societal standards
In the reading by James Rachels, he criticizes the cultural differences argument by saying that
the premise concerns what people believe, but the conclusion concerns what really is the case
James Rachel says that a consequence of cultural relativism is
all of the above (we could no longer say that the customs of other societies are morally inferior to our own, we could decide whether actions are right or wrong just by consulting the standards of our society, and the idea of moral progress would be called into doubt)
John Ladd uses the term "the dependency thesis" to refer to that claim that
morality is dependent on the moral beliefs and practices of a particular society
According to Ruth Benedict, the statement "it is morally good" is synonymous with
it is a socially approved habit
Ruth Benedict's position was that of
conventional ethical relativism
The reading by Herodotus illustrated the position of
conventional ethical relativism
Which of the following would be an example of subjective ethical relativism
all of the above (Ernest Hemingway, the Sophists, and Jean-Paul Sartre)
In spite of the fact that Eskimos kill some of their babies, James Rachels says that their values are not all that different from our values
TRUE
Ruth Benedict said that "normal" is defined as whatever a particular culture says is normal
TRUE
The Ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed that all cultures have the same moral values
FALSE
Ethical egoism logically implies that one should always avoid helping others
FALSE
Which of the following captures the relationship between ethical egoists and hedonists
some ethical egoist are hedonists, and sone hedonists are ethical egoists, but there are members of both groups that don't belong to the other
Which of the following claims would be that of an individual ethical egoist
everyone has an obligation to serve my interests
Which one of the following is an objection to psychological egoism raised by Bishop Butler
personal satisfaction is often the consequence of getting what we desire, not its goal
A criticism of Ayn Rand's egoism made in the text is that
it assumes a false dichotomy between pure ethical egoism and pure ethical altruism
According to Ayn Rand, if an ethical egoist loved another person, the egoist would
be pursuing his or her own interests
Which of the following claims would be that of a psychological egoist
everyone always acts so as to serve their own interests
Which of the following claims would be that of a universal ethical egoist
everyone ought to do what will serve his or her own interest
Which of the following express(es) the relationship between psychological egoism and ethical egoism
all of the above (it is possible to be a psychological egoist without being an ethical egoist, it is possible to be an ethical egoist without being a psychological egoist, and psychological egoism is frequently used to argue for ethical egoism)
According to psychological egoism, unselfish behavior is impossible
TRUE
According to your text, someone who embraces the philosophy of ethical egoism is by definition someone who wants to be the center of attention and who has an inflated ego
FALSE
According to your text, you can act in your own self-interest without being selfish
TRUE
Ayn Rand believed that rational selfishness would lead to the best society
TRUE
Ayn Rand was an ethical egoist but not a psychological egoist
TRUE
Psychological egoism is a theory about what we ought to do
FALSE
The paradox of hedonism is the fact that if your only goal is to find pleasure and happiness, you are unlikely to find it
TRUE
According to the principle of utility, a morally right action is one that produces at least as much good (utility) for all people affected by the action as any alternative action that could be performed
TRUE
Both ethical egoists and utilitarians are consequentialists
TRUE
Mill believes some pleasures are higher than others, whereas Bentham thinks pleasures differ only in quantity, there being no sense in trying to distinguish between higher and lower pleasures
TRUE
Which of the following claims is <u>not<u/> an implication of utilitarianism
one's own happiness must always be sacrificed for the happiness of others
The utilitarian rejects which of the following claims of the ethical egoist
people have a moral obligation only for their own happiness
Utilitarintanism is not a form of ethical relativism because the utilitarian believes that
moral principles are objective even if their application is relative
When John Stuart Mill said, "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied that a pig satisfies; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied," his point was that
some pleasures are qualitatively higher than others
According to Jeremy Bentham, we are governed by two sovereign masters, which are
pain and pleasure
In balancing your own happiness with that of another person, Mill said that you should
give no more weight to your own happiness than that of another
In his article "Comparing Harms," Alastair Norcross argues that
our society frequently chooses to sacrifice lives for the convenience of the many
Which of the following describes a major difference between Bentham's and Mill's ethics
Bentham's was a quantitative hedonism and Mill held to a qualitative hedonism
Which of the following was not included in Bentham's hedonic calculus
value: is the pleasure a lower, physical pleasure or a higher, intellectual pleasure
According to utilitarianism, the morality of a particular action can change over if the consequences change
TRUE
According to your text, the notions of justice and individual rights are the two main themes in utilitarianism
FALSE
Jeremy Bentham accepted ethical egoism but rejected psychological egoism
FALSE
Teleological ethics is another name for deontological ethics
FALSE
According to Kant, the morality of an action depends upon external circumstances and situations
FALSE
Universal ethical egoist, utilitarians, and Kantians all reject ethical relativism
TRUE
According to Kant, the only thing that has intrinsic value is pleasure
FALSE
Which of the following is NOT a consequentialist theory of morality
Kantian ethics
According to Kant, the statement, "Be kind to others if you want others to be kind to you" is
a hypothetical imperative
Which one of the following actions would have moral worth, according to Kant
Smith wants to lie in order to avoid an embarrassment but tells the truth anyway because it is the right thing to do
According to Kant, the basis for the categorical imperative is
rational consistency
A prima facie duty is one that
is morally binding unless it conflicts with a more important duty
The second version of Kant's categorical imperative implies that
sometimes we must tell people things that are painful to them in order for them to make a rational and informed decsion
According to the first version of Kant's categorical imperative, lying is always immoral because if your maxim "lie whenever you feel you need to" were to become a universal law
you would no longer be able to achieve your goal by lying and the universal law would negate itself
According to Kant's philosophy, the statement "If you want people to be good to you, you should be good to them" is
a hypothetical imperative
According to Kant's philosophy, which of the following command could be universalized
always keep your promises
According to Kant, a work of art has ______ value, but people have ______ value
conditional/ absolute
According to Kant, an action has moral worth if
it is done from a sense of duty
Immanuel Kant said that the only thing in the world that has an absolute, unqualified moral value is
a good will
The second version of the categorical imperative says
treat people as and an end and never as a means only
Which of the following claims made by utilitarians would Kant reject
ethics concerns only our relations with others, for we have no moral duties to ourselves
According to Kant, every moral rule has its exceptions
FALSE
According to Kant, unless doing your duty is something you enjoy, you are not acting morally
FALSE
Immanuel Kant's ethics is an example of deontological ethics
TRUE
In Kant's ethics, a principle is universalizable if we could rationally will that everyone would act on it
TRUE
Kant believed it would be right to tell the truth even if we thought the consequences would be bad
TRUE
Kant believed that all true ethics was based on religion
FALSE
Kant rejected the notion that ethics was based on human psychology
TRUE
Kant says that it is impossible to treat others as both a means and and an end
FALSE
W.D. Ross does not think prima facie duties can be ranked in terms of priority
TRUE
Whereas utilitarianism and Kant's ethics of duty concentrate largely on the ethics of conduct, virtue ethics focuses on the ethics of character
TRUE
According to Aristotle, our happiness is chiefly a matter of
fulfilling our human function by guiding our lives with reason, developing both intellectual and moral excellence
According to Aristotle's theory, acquiring the moral virtues is a process of
imitation and practice, just as musician gains a musical skill through imitation and practice
Which of the following best captures the notion of the moral virtue that is at the heart of Aristotle's doctrine of the mean
moral virtue is the habit of rationally choosing just the right emotion or action for the circumstances, i.e., a balance between the extremes of too little and too much
Which of the following statements is implied by Aristotle's doctrine of the mean
what counts as a virtuous act in one circumstance may not be virtuous in another
In judging the morality of an action, Kant would disagree with Aristotle on which of the following points
it must result from an ingrained habit and involve the emotions
According to Aristotle, the doctrine of the mean does not apply to the situation of
the act of adultery
The doctrine of the mean" refers to Aristotle's view that
virtue is an intermediated position between two extremes
Aristotle says that to be a just person, it is not enough to act just. You must also
all of the above (know what you are doing, deliberately choose the just action for its own same, and act on the basis of a firm and unchangeable character)
In Micheal Stocker's story concerning Smith's visit to the hospital, the problem with Smith's behavior, according to virtue ethics, is that Smith
lacked the virtues of benevolence and compassion
In virtue ethics, the primary question on ethics is:
what sort of person should I be
The Ancient Greek philosopher who taught virtue ethics was
Aristotle
The utilitarian view of the role of a virtuous character in ethics is that it
will make it more likely that the person will maximize the general good
What is Aristotle's position on universal and objective moral principles
their application will be different for different people and circumstances
Virtue ethics can be defined as that area of ethics that is concerned specifically with sexual morality
FALSE