Hippocrates
Mania, melancholia, phrenitis (confusion) caused by an imbalance of "humors"/bodily fluids
father of Western medicine
Hippocratic oath
Mental illness is a disorder of the brain
Mental illness is just like physical illness
Coined hysteria
Paracelsus
movement of moons and stars influenced behavior"lunatic"
-Mania
-Melancholy
Franz Anton Mesmer
one of first people to use hypnosis to treat MI (made magnetic field normal again)
Charcot
Freud's teacher
used hypnosis to learn if a disability is real or hysteria
Psychosomatic illness
Richard Von Krafft-Ebing
Discovered connection between syphilis and paresis
moral therapy
Based on belief that that environment played vital role in treatment of mentally ill
moral therapists
Philippe Pinel
William Tuke
Benjamin Rush (founder of psychiatry)
Dorothea Dix
Emil Kraeplin
Emil Kraepelin
Believed that psychological disorders had a biological
base and were due to brain pathology.
He introduced the scientific approach to the diagnosis
and classification of psychological disorders.
He discovered there were many disorders with different
cause
Historical Periods
1920-1960 institutional era
1950s &60s Drug revolution
1960s&70s patient rights era
1980s neoconservative era
Reagan shut down programs due to tax cuts, so mental patients ended up in the
Criminal justice system
2000 to present drug companies era
Rosenhan's study
People pretended to be "insane", got admitted, and then
Acted sane once they entered but weren't released. Point was to see what
It's like in an asylum and how long it would take for them to find out they weren't insane
Insidious onset
develops gradually over an extended time
Eclectic
incorporating different approaches. You can be a cognitive-behaviorist but use insight somewhat
Triangle of anxiety
cognitive appraisal, ans response, fear
Kinds of anxiety disorders
General
Social
Phobia
PTSD
Somatoform
DID
How is DID treated
hynotherapy
Kenneth Bianchi
Hillside Strangler; tried to fake dissociative identity disorder by telling investigators that his other personality "Steve" committed the murders
Somatoform disorders
Conversion disorder-physical issue that can't be explained
Munchausen's syndrome
Pain disorder
What treatment is best for anxiety and for OCD
CBT, CBT and antidepressants
Depression has
various treatments
Bipolar is treated with
Lithium and atypical antipsychotics
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
Schizophrenia drugs
Thorazine
How to diminish schizophrenia relapse
Family therapy and social skills
Who coined the term schizophrenia
Blueler
Three features of schizophrenia
Fragmentation of thought process
Split between thoughts and emotions
Withdrawal from reality
Undifferentiatied schizophrenia
fit into more than one subtype
Residual schizophrenia
history of at least one episode of acute positive symptoms but currently no prominent positive symptoms
What test determines if you have a personality disorder
MCMI
What axis are they in
II
Theories of causes of personality disorders
Psychosexual-Freud
Object relations-Study of how children incorporate memories, and the values of the persons who are important to them
Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg
Cluster A general description and types. Genetic component?
odd
paranoid, schizoid-doesn't want to hang out with other people, schizotypal-scared of being around other people
yes, and can develop into schizophrenia
Cluster B general description and types. Genetic component?
dramatic
antisocial, borderline, histrionic-any attention and dependent on other people, narcissistic-positive attention and don't depend on others
no
Cluster C general description and types
anxious
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Which personality disorders are now categorized as traits
histrionic, schizoid, passive aggressive, dependent
pattern of personality disorders manifested in
cognition, affect, and impulse control
Neurodevelopmental Disorders and their treatment
Intellectual disabilities
Communication disorders
Autism
Structured behavioral treatment
ADHD
Various treatments: Drugs + behavioral therapy
Specific learning disorders
Motor disorders
Transference and Countertransference
client to therapist, therapist to client
Beck
cognitive triad consisting of Future (timelessness-will last forever), Situation (helplessness, lack of motivation), Self-personal defects all influence each other and dictate perception
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
a method that defines basic aspects of functioning and considers them across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior
Diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability (genetics or childhood trauma) is coupled with a precipitating event
Virgina Satir/Family systems model
all problems arise from context of the family, everyone plays a particular role
Parenting styles
Parental schism
Parental skew-one is passive, one active
Eysenck
Interviewed people who were seeking counseling, and then interviewed them again
64% who got counseling improved, 72% who didn't got better
People who didn't go to counseling didn't realize all the problems you have
Or bad counselors-humanistic and psychoa