federalism
government authority shared by national and local governments
necessary and proper clause
section of the constitution allowing congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which ahs permitted congress to exercise` powers now specifically given to it by the constitution
nullification
the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the states opinion, violates the constitution
dual federalism
doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate
police power
state power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals
initiative
process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot
referendum
procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature
recall
procedure whereby votres can remove an elected official from office
grants-in-aid
money given by the national government to the states
categorical grants
federal grants for specific purposes such as building an airport
conditions of aid
terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds
mandates
terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants
waiver
a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a rule or law that would otherwise apply to it