Devolution
the effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states.
Block Grants
Money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington
Necessary and Proper Clause
the section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution.
Nullification
the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
Dual federalism
the doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate.
Police power
State power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals.
Initiative
the process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot.
Referendum
the procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.
Recall
a procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.
Grants-in-aid
money given by the national government to the states.
Categorical grants
federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport
Revenue sharing
federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states
Conditions of aid
Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds.
Mandates
terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants