de facto segregation
Racial separation not mandated by law
de jure segregation
Racial separation mandated by law
E pluribus unum
Latin: Out of Many, One
jus sanguinis
A right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognized to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state
jus soli
The right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognized to any individual born in the territory of the related state
alien
A foreign-born resident
citizen
A person who is a legal member of a nation, country, or other organized, self-governing political community, such as any of the fifty U.S. states.
civil disobedience
The nonviolent refusal to obey laws that citizens regard as unjust or in protest of specific public policy
civil rights
The rights belonging to an individual by virtue of citizenship. In the United States, the term refers especially to the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and by subsequent a
collective security
A system formed to maintain peace among nations in which participant members agree that a military attack on one is an attack on all and will result in a united response by all members
denaturalization
In the United States, a legal process by which native-born citizens may voluntarily divest themselves of citizenship or by which naturalized citizens found to have made fraudulent claims in applying for citizenship may be deprived of citizenship
dual national citizenship
The status of a person who is a legal citizen of two or more nations.
eminent domain
The inherent power of the state to seize a citizen's private property or to expropriate property or rights in property without the owner's consent. The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides for "just compensation" for private property taken fo
enlightened self-interest
A philosophy in ethics that states that persons who act to further the interests of others ultimately serve their own self-interest
globalization
The process of increasing interconnectedness and closer integration of the world's markets and businesses as a result of advances in transportation, communications, and information technologies. Such advances promote the flow of goods and services, ideas,
human rights
Basic rights and freedoms said to belong to all people everywhere. See Universal Declaration of Human Rights
immigration
The movement of people into one place from another
international law
Rules, usually the result of treaties but also from custom, that regulate how countries are to behave toward one another. International law differs from municipal, or domestic law, in that, in many cases, there is no enforcement mechanism and no universal
isolationism
The foreign policy of a nation that wishes to be inward-looking rather than involved with other countries. Historically, some cases of isolationism have combined a noninterventionist military policy with a protectionist economic policy
letter of marque and reprisal
A grant of authority from Congress to private citizens, not the president, to expressly authorize seizure and forfeiture of goods by such citizens in the context of undeclared hostilities with another country or countries.Without such authorization, citiz
multinational corporation
An enterprise that operates in at least two countries
naturalization
The legal process by which a foreign citizen becomes a citizen of the United States, concluding with an oath of allegiance
nongovernmental organization
An autonomous organization independent of direct governmental control that exists to perform any of a large variety of purposes, including those dealing with humanitarian, educational, or public policy problems and issues
resident alien
A noncitizen legally residing in a country other than his or her birth country.
treaty
An agreement under international law between states or international organizations
United Nations
An international organization created in 1945 to maintain peace through the collective security of its members
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
An advisory declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, consisting of thirty articles outlining the views of the General Assembly on those rights conceived as guaranteed to all people
voluntary associations
Autonomous organizations founded and administered by private citizens, not elected officials, devoted to any number of purposes. Voluntary associations form an essential element of the social basis of democracy, especially American democracy
voter registration
The requirement in some democracies for citizens to enroll in voting rolls before being allowed to participate in elections