endocrine system
Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.
Endocrine System Glands
- Two adrenal glands
- Two ovaries or two testes
-Four parathyroid glands
-The pancreas
Glands cont.
-The pineal gland
- The pituitary gland
-Thymus gland
-Thyroid gland
Plays vital role in homeostasis
- Maintaining a stable internal environment
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
crin/o
to secrete
glyc/o
sugar
glycos/o
sugar
oophor/o
ovary
orchi/o
testes
ovari/o
ovary
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
testicul/o
testes
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o
thyroid gland
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
acr/o
extremities
carcin/o
cancer
cyt/o
cell
ophthalm/o
eye
toxic/o
poison
-al
pertaining to
-an
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
-centesis
surgical puncture to withdraw fluid
-cyte
cell
-dipsia
thirst
-ectomy
surgical removal
-edema
swelling
-emia
blood condition
-ic
pertaining to
-ism
state, condition
-itis
inflammation
-logist
one who studies
-logy
study of
-malacia
abnormal softening
-megaly
enlarged
-oid
resembling
-oma
tumor, mass
-osis
abnormal condition
-otomy
cutting into
-pathy
disease
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
-uria
urine condition
endo-
within, inner
ex-
outward
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
below, insufficient
poly-
many
pancreas
-Located in abdominal cavity along lower curvature of stomach
-Secretes insulin and glucagon
-- Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by allowing sugar to enter individual cells
--Glucagon raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver to release stored sugar ba
Parathyroid gland
-Four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
-Secretes parathyroid hormone
-Raises blood levels of calcium
pineal gland
-Small pine cone-shaped gland in thalamus region of the brain
-Secretes Melatonin
-Plays a role in regulating body's circadian rhythm (24-hour clock)
pituitary gland
-Small marble-shaped gland that hangs down from underside of brain
-Master gland because some of its hormones regulate other endocrine glands
-Divided into anterior lobe and posterior lobe
anterior lobe secretes
Growth hormone,
Thyroid-stimulating hormone,
Adrenocorticotropin hormone,
Prolactin, Melanocyte stimulating hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
posterior lobe
secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
thyroid gland
located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
acromegaly
chronic condition developing in adults with excessive growth hormone; results in elongation and enlargement of bones of head and extremities
adrenal feminization
development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in male as result of increased estrogen secretion by adrenal cortex
adrenal virilism
development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland
blood serum test
blood test to measure level of substances such as hormones in bloodstream; used to study function of endocrine glands
congenital hypothyroidism
condition present at birth that results in lack of thyroid hormones; results in poor physical and mental development; formerly called cretinism
Corticosteroids
In addition to normal function, these hormones from adrenal cortex also have strong anti-inflammatory action; can be used to treat severe chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
Cushing syndrome
condition resulting from hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; can be product of adrenal gland tumor; symptoms include weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis
diabetes insipidus (DI)
condition caused by insufficient antidiuretic hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia
diabetes mellitus (DM)
chronic disorder of sugar metabolism; symptoms include hyperglycemia and glycosuria; two different forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2
Dwarfism
being excessively short in height; can result from lack of growth hormone
exophthalmos
condition in which eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves disease; commonly caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
blood test to measure amount of sugar in bloodstream after a 12-hour fast
Gigantism
excessive growth of body due to hypersecretion of growth hormone in a child or teenager
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
test for initial diagnosis of diabetes mellitus; patient is given dose of glucose; then blood samples are taken at regular intervals to determine patient's ability to use glucose properly
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves disease
condition resulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter
Hashimoto Disease (thyroiditis)
autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland, results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
hormone replacement therapy
artificial replacement of hormones in patients with hyposecretion disorders; available in pill, injection, or adhesive skin patch forms
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
also called type 1 diabetes mellitus; tends to develop early in life; pancreas stops producing insulin; can be autoimmune disease; patient must take insulin injections
myxedema
condition resulting from hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in adult; symptoms include anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, puffy and dry skin, drowsiness, and mental sluggishness
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
also called type 2 diabetes mellitus; pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin and cells fail to respond; patients may take medication to improve insulin functions
Pheochromocytoma
usually benign tumor of adrenal medulla; secretes excessive amount of epinephrine; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, hypertension, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
test of thyroid function that measures how much radioactively tagged iodine is removed from the bloodstream by thyroid gland
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
test used to measure levels of hormones in plasma of blood
tetany
nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia; hypoparathyroidism is one cause
thyroid function test (TFT)
blood test to measure levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream to evaluate thyroid function
thyroid scan
test in which radioactive iodine is administered and localizes in the thyroid gland; gland is visualized with scanning device; able to detect thyroid gland tumors
thyrotoxicosis
condition resulting from extreme hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
IDDM
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
K+
Potassium
LH
luteinizing hormone
MSH
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Na+
Sodium
NIDDM
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
NPH
neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)
PRL
prolactin
PTH
parathyroid hormone
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
RIA
radioimmunoassay
T3
triiodothyronine
T4
thyroxine
TFT
thyroid function test
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor in gland
adenocyte
gland cell
adenoid
resembling gland
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
adrenal
pertaining to the adrenal glands
adrenomegaly
enlarged adrenal glands
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
adrenalitis
adrenal gland inflammation
adrenalopathy
adrenal gland disease
endocrinology
study of (the glands that) secrete within
endocrinologist
one who studies (the glands that) secrete within
endocrinoma
tumor that secretes within
endocrinopathy
disease that secretes within
hyperglycemia
excessive sugar blood condition
Hypoglycemia
Insufficient sugar blood condition
glycosoria
condition of sugar in urine
oophoritis
ovary inflammation
oophoroplasty
surgical repair of an ovary
oophorotomy
cutting into ovary
oophorectomy
surgical removal of an ovary
orchiectomy
surgical removal of a testis
orchiopexy
surgical fixation of testes
orchiotomy
cutting into testes
ovarial
pertaining to ovary
ovariocentesis
puncture of ovary to remove fluid
ovariorrhexis ovario/rrhexis
ruptured ovary
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
pancreatectomy
surgical removal of the pancreas
pancreatitis
pancreas inflammation
pancreatotomy
cutting into the pancreas
parathyroidal
pertaining to the parathyroid gland
parathyroidectomy
surgical removal of the parathyroid gland
hyperparathyroidism
condition of excessive parathyroid gland (secretion)
Hypoparathyroidism
condition of insufficient parathyroid gland (secretion)
pinealectomy
surgical removal of pineal gland
Hypopituitarism
condition of insufficient pituitary gland (secretion)
Hyperpitutarism
condition of excessive pituitary gland (secretion)
polydispia
many(too much) thirst
polyuria
many (too much) urine condition
testicular
pertaining to the testes
thymic
pertaining to the thymus gland
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
thymitis
thymus gland inflammation
thymoma
thymus gland tumor
thyromegaly
enlarged thyroid gland
thyrotomy
cutting into thyroid gland
thyroidal
pertaining to the thyroid gland
thyroiditis
thyroid gland inflammation
thyroidectomy
surgical removal of thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
condition of excessive thyroid gland secretion
Hypothyroidism
condition of insufficient thyroid gland secretion