Tendons
a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
Fascia
A band of connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles.
Muscle fibers
long, slender cells that make up muscles
Myofascial
means pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
aponeurosis
a sheet-like fibrous connective tissue, which resembles a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting muscle to bone
skeletal, smooth, and myocardial
Three types of muscles
Skeletal muscles
are attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
voluntary muscles and striated muscles
skeletal muscles
involuntary muscles,visceral muscles and unstriated muscles
smooth muscles
Smooth muscles
located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
Myocardial muscles
also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart
Muscle innervation
is the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract. When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. This information controls the body's voluntary muscular contraction
Neuromuscular
means pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
antagonistic
refers to working in opposition to each other
Contraction
the tightening of a muscle. As the muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker, causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge.
Relaxation
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form. As the muscle relaxes, it becomes longer and thinner, and the belly is no longer enlarged.
Abduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body
Adduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body
Flexion
means decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
Extension
means increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
Hyperextension
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
Elevation
is the act of raising or lifting a body part
Depression
is the act of lowering a body part.
Rotation
is a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
Circumduction
is the circular movement at the far end of a limb.
Rotator muscle
turns a body part on its axis
Rotator cuff
the group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint
Supination
is the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward. An easy way to remember this is to think of carrying a bowl of soup.
Pronation
is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
Dorsiflexion
is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle. Pointing the toes and foot upward decreases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg
plantar flexion
is the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
Origin
is where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
insertion
is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more movable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body.
sternocleidomastoid muscle
for example, helps bend the neck and rotate the head
Lateralis
means toward the side
Medialis
means toward the midline
Oblique
means slanted or at an angle.
Rectus
means in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
sphincter
is a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
Transverse
means in a crosswise direction
frontalis
occipitofrontalis, muscle is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows.
temporalis
muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth.
masseter
muscle, which is one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing.
pectoralis major
makes up the bulk of the chest muscles
external oblique and internal oblique muscles
found in the abdomen.
rectus abdominis
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine.
transverse abdominis
is located on the side of the abdomen. This core muscle is engaged when a person laughs or coughs.
deltoid
forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
trapezius
muscle moves the head and shoulder blade.
biceps brachii
located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow.
triceps brachii
located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow.
rectus femoris
extends the leg at the knee.
quadriceps femoris
is made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee.
hamstring group
is involved in knee flexion and hip extension.
gastrocnemius
is the calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward.
polymyoisitis
Which term means a disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body?
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
hyperkinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
pronation
Which term describes the act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is turned downward?
myorrhaphy
Which term means the surgical suturing of a muscle?
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
Atrophy
After being in a cast for 6 weeks, Jenny's arm showed signs of muscle ____