Calcium
Is a mineral Found Mainly found in the hard part of bones and is essential for healthy bones. It is also important for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, enzyme activity and blood clotting
Haemoglobin
Is the substance found in red blood cells that transports oxygen around the body
Osteoporosis
Is a condition in which bones become porous and therefore brittle
Cartilage
Is a tough, fibrous connective tissue located at the end of bones and in-between joints. It protects Bones by absorbing the impact experienced in movements such as jumping
Ligament
Is a strong fibrous band of connective tissue that holds together two or more moveable bones, or cartilage or supports an organ
Tendon
Is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
Anatomical Position
Refers to standing erect, facing forward with arms by the side and palms facing forward
Voluntary Control
Refers to the conscious control of muscles
Involuntary Control
Refers to no conscious control of the muscle
Sarcomere
Is the smallest Unit of of Muscle Contraction
Origin
Is the fixed point of attachment that is closer (or proximal) to the body's midline
Insertion
Is usually attached to the bone that moves most when the muscle contracts. It is further (or distal) to the body's midline
Agonist
Is the muscle number that causes the major action (prime move)
Antagonist
Is the muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow movement to occur
Synergist
Is the muscle that assist the agonist to produce the required movement
Stabiliser
Is the group of muscles that ensures that the joint remains stable during movement
Reciprocal Inhibition
Is the process of one muscle contracting (agonist) while the other muscle relaxes (antagonist) to create Movement
Isotonic Contraction
Is when Muscle length shortens (via a concentric contraction) or lengthens (an eccentric contraction) throughout the range of movement as force is being developed
Isometric Contraction
Is when force is developed but there is no change in the length of the muscle
Isokinetic Contraction
Is when force created by the muscle is maximal for all angles of the joint movement via the use of a machine
Acute Responses
Are immediate, short term responses to exercise that only last last only for the duration of the training or exercise session and for a short time afterwards (recovery)
The Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart and blood vessels circulating blood throughout the body, delivering water, oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing wastes products such as carbon dioxide
Atria
Are the two upper Chambers of the heart, they receive blood from the veins and pump it into the lower chambers (ventricles)
Ventricles
Are the two lower chambers of the heart they receive blood for the atria and pump it to the lungs (right ventricle) and to the body (left ventricle)
Oxygenated Blood
Refer to the oxygen rich blood
De-oxygenated blood
Refers to oxygen-poor (carbon dioxide) blood.
Systole
Id a contraction of the heart muscle, specifically the ventricles
Diastole
Is a relaxation of the heart muscles
Cardiac Cycle
Is the movement of blood through the heart in the one heartbeat. It consists of alternate systole and Diastole of the atria of the atria and the ventricles
Heartbeat
Is one contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle
Heart Rate (HR)
Is the number of times the heart contracts or beats per minute (bpm)
Stroke
Is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heart contraction of the heart. It is measured in millilitres per beat (ml/bpm)
Cardiac Output
Is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart beat per minute. It is the product of Stroke Volume (SV) multiplied by heart rate (HR), so CO=SV x HR and measured in litres per minute (L/min)
Blood Vessels
Are a transport network of arteries, capillaries and veins that carry nutrients an waste around the body
Agonist
Is the muscle that causes the major action the prime mover
Antagonist
Is the muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow movement to occur
Synergist
Is the muscle that assists the agonist to produce the required movement
Arteries
Are large, thick walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Coronary Arteries
Supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle (heart)
Capillaries
Are tiny blood vessels in the cardiovascular system between the end of the arterioles and the venules. They Are the site for gas exchange between the cells and cardiovascular system
Pre capillary Sphincters
Are one-way valves that control blood flow within capillaries
Veins
Are blood vessels that carry de-oxygenated blood wage products for the bodies cells back to the heart
Blood Pooling
Refers to a collection of blood in the leg veins when high intensity activity stops to suddenly
Systemic Circulation
Describes the arteries and veins that feed blood from the heart to the whole body and back to to the heart again for re-oxygenation
Pulmonary Circulation
Describes the arteries and veins that feed blood from the heart to and from the lungs where blood is oxygenated
Blood Pressure
Is the pressure Exerted by the arterial blood against vessels walls as it is forced through the cardiovascular system by the beating or relaxing of the system
Systolic Blood Pressure
Is the pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. It is the higher of the two blood pressure values
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Is the blood during the relaxation of the heart cycle. It is the lower of the two blood pressure values
Vasodilation
Is a process whereby blood vessels increase their internal diameter as a response to an increased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (A-VO2 diff)
Is the difference between the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood in the veins. This is measured in mL/100 mL of blood