The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.
false
The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education.
False
Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?
2.3 million
Although the increase in prison population receives the most publicity, a great portion of correctional growth has occurred in
probation and parole
One out of ____ African American children has a parent who has been to prison
5
Under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family member of the victim.
true
Until the late Middle Ages, prisons were used primarily for the detention of people awaiting trial.
true
The invention of the penitentiary occurred due in large part because of:
a. the influence of the Enlightenment thinkers and activists.
b. a response to negative social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime.
c.the growth of the surplus labor due to the Industrial Revolution.
For the purpose of deterrence of future criminal acts, which principle(s) did Cesare Beccaria believe were most valuable for carrying out a punishment?
both swiftness and certainty
The term wergild focuses on which of the following?
money paid to relatives or victims of a crime
The Pennsylvania System focused on the isolation of inmates and serving penance
false
Within 40 years of their initiation, penitentiaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed
true
Correctional practices, especially the use of the penitentiary, developed similarly across the United States.
false
The penitentiary was to be a place where:
a. offenders were isolated from bad influences in society.
b. offenders were isolated from one another.
c. offenders could reflect on their misdeeds.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major goals of corrections in the United States?
incarceration
The concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that:
a small number of offenders are responsible for a isproportionate number of violent and property crimes
Parolees have the right to be notified of the charges against them
true
When convicted of a crime, an offender loses all constitutional rights and liberties.
false
The courts of each state are empowered to declare correctional conditions and practices in violation of either the state or federal constitution
true
A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of
confinement
Which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights movement?
a. improvement in institutional living conditions and administrative practices of many prisons
b. review by correctional officials of many of their procedures and organizational structures
____ of those convicted receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation.
two thirds
Half of those entering state prisons are _____ years old.
between 18 and 27
Classification systems apply a set of subjective criteria to all inmates in order to arrive at an appropriate classification
false
The public's response to crime frequently makes classification an emotionally charged issue.
true