sexual dimorphism
physical differences between the sexes of a species not related to reproduction functions
sex
biological differences (female and male)
gender
a cultural interpretation of the biological differences (man and woman)
gender roles
the tasks and activities a culture assigns to the sexes
gender relations
the expected interactions between gender
gender stereotypes
assumption based on gender role
cultural relativism
studying another culture from its point of view without imposing your on cultural values
culture
ideas and behaviors that are learned and transmitted
folk taxonomy
a system of classification based on their relationships among cultural categories for important items and ideas
subsistence patterns
the methods you get your food and what type of food
sedentary
staying in 1 place
nomadic
move around a lot
egalitarian
equal access to resources, shared resources
social stratification
more power in some aspects
division of labor
job responsibilities
domestication
need people to survive, dependent on people
potlach
form of economic system
non intensive
humans doing the labor, simple tools
fallow
rest
intensive agriculture
labor intensive, domesticate animals, irrigation, terracing, fertilizer
generalized reciprocity
the giving and taking of goods and services without any immediate expectation go equal return
balanced reciprocity
exchange of goods and/or labor with an expectation of an immediate and equal return
redistribution
surpluses are collected under governing body and goods are redistributed based on the needs they have
market system
form a balanced reciprocity using a symbolic good
dowry
gifts from brides side to couple, typical associated with low status for women
brideprice
gifts from the groom's kin to the wife's, which stabilizes the marriage by acting as an insurance against divorce
brideservice
labor by groom paid in lieu of cash and goods to bride's family
groomservice
labor by bride paid in lieu of cash and goods to groom's family
polygyny
1 husband, plural wives
polyandry
1 wife, plural husbands
patrilineal
tracing family through male/female line
patrilocal
woman moves to where male's family is
nuclear family
immediate parents and their immediate offspring
extended family
2 or more married couple and their offspring
bilateral descent
trace lineage through 2 sides, both sides of family
unilinear descent
trace through 1 parent
patrilineal system
traced through dad/male
matrilineal system
traced through mom/female
incest taboo
a cultural rule prohibiting sexual relations and marriage between specified classes of relatives
exogamy
marrying outside kinship group
endogamy
marrying inside kinship group
ethnocentrism
making value judgements about another culture from the perspective of one's own cultural system
speech
using vocal cords to make/produce sound
language
human communication by means of shared symbols
morpheme
unit of meaning
phoneme
unit of sound
sociolinguistics
study of language in its social context
displacement
ability to describe concepts not in immediate space or moment, talk to past, present, future
duality
two levels of human language (used sounds and meaning)
productivity
have ability to constantly make new combos of symbols
arbitrariness
we have arbitrary assigned meaning to our symbols
historical linguistics
branch on linguistics that attempt to classify and construct a family tree of languages
cognates
words that are similar in 2 or more languages as a result of common descent
syntax
rules of word order in a language
religion
a system of ideas and rules for behavior based on supernatural explanations
monotheistic
belief in 1 supernatural
polytheistic
belief in many supernatural
animism
belief that all things have a soul
mana
force that can be possessed by a person, object, place
shaman
part time supernaturally chosen religious specialist who can manipulate the supernatural
priests
full time religious specialist who can interpret the supernatural