Geography
knowledge of understanding people interacting with others and
different natural environments
Interdependence
shapes environment and environment shapes us
Absolute Space (location)
coordinates, longitude and latitude
Relative Space (construction)
core (rich), semi-periphery (middle), & periphery (poor)
Place existing b/c people exist
DisneyWorld, Universal Studios, Washington D.C., Frederick, MD
Scale
colonial maps, regional areas
Culture
complex and dynamic force humans learn in social groups; cultural
landscape: visible imprint of human activity; languages
Ethnogeographies
systems of geography undeveloped and unknown
Physical and Human Geography
roots and relationships with other disciplines in social and physical sciences
Landscape
collection of physical and human features on the surface
Culture
symbolic system of values , beliefs, and attitudes influencing on
behavior and preception
World Regional Approach
human and physical subfields of geography, synthesizing, simplifying,
and characterizing human experiences of earth
Region
a generalization of preparing detailed insight
Formal Regions (Uniform)
population shares a defining trait or set of traits
Functional (Nodal)
spatial unit characterized by a central focus on some activity
Vernacular (Perceptual)
exists in the mind of a large number of people and plays a role in
cultural identity
Map Projection
depicting curved surface of earth
Azimuthal Projection
plane, polar regions
Cylindrical Projection
areas around equator or entire world
Conic Projection
middle latitudes; Polyconic: larger areas
Reference Maps
locations of various features and spatial relationships
Thematic Maps
show numerical data
Choropleth Maps
political features are color coded
Isarithmic Maps
lines to join points of equal value
Graduated Symbol Map
simple symbols for data being mapped
Cartogram
a graduated symbol map that scales generalized outlines of political
units to data
Dot Maps
dots representing stated amount of phenomenon
Flow Maps
arrows detail movement of human activity
Mental Maps
personal information of images and facts about places in an
individual's mind
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
represent cutting edge of geography today; computerized system
helping analyze, manage, and visual geographic data
Equator
circles globe east & west
North Latitude
places north of equator
South Latitude
places south of equator
Low Latitudes
places near equator; Tropic of Cancer
High Latitudes
places near poles; Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
66.56 degrees N
Antarctic Circle
66.56 degrees S
Middle Latitudes
places occupying intermediate position with respect to poles and equator
Northern Hemisphere
northern half of Earth between equator and North Pole
Southern Hemisphere
southern half between equator and South Pole
Eastern Hemisphere
surface eastward from prime meridian to International Date Line
Western Hemisphere
surface westward from prime meridian to International Date Line
Longitude
horizontal
Latitude
vertical
Statute Mile
land mile, 5,280 ft (1,609 m)
Nautical Mile
sea mile, based on 1 mile of arc of great circle and is 6,076 ft
(1,852 m)
Prime Meridian
longitude of 0 degrees; runs through Greenwich, England
East Longitude
places east of prime meridian
West Longitude
places west of prime meridian
Topographic Maps
illustrate positions (relief) of land feature
Contour Lines
connect points of equal elevation to a specific reference
Coriolis Effect
pattern of opposite movements in hemispheres
Seasonality
angle of earth's polar axis plays a role
Biomes
terrestrial ecosystems categorized by dominant types of natural vegetation
Biodiversity
number of plant and animal species present and variety of genetic
materials organisms contain
Generalized Reciprocity
goods and services given to another without any return
Hydraulic Civilizations
large-scale irrigation; early cities associated with river valleys
Population Pyramid
graphical illustration showing various age groups
Population Density
measurement of population per unit area
Total Fertility Rate
number of children average woman bears during reproductive lifetime
Crude Birth Rate
total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in
the society; parallels to natural increase rates
Mortality Rate
measure of number of deaths in population; expressed in units of
deaths per 1,000 individuals per year
Life Expectancy
average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
Land Use
management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into
built environment
Land Cover
physical material at the surface of the earth
Globalization
binding together of lands and people of the world into an integrated
system by capitalist free markets
Transnational Corporations
companies that have international production, marketing, and
management facilities
Outsourcing
obtaining of goods or contracting of work from sources outside a
company or area
Convergence Hypothesis
reduction of cultural differences because of globalization
Placelessness
loss of unique feeling of a place
Sense of Place
state of mind derived through infusion of place with meaning and
emotion by remembering important events
Glacial Scouring
erosive action of ice masses in motion
Glacial Deposition
process of offloading rock and soil in glacial retreat or lateral movements
Devolution
dispersing political power to ethnic minority groups within a certain
geography areas
Buffer States
marchland invaded many times between centuries
Polder
turning swamps, lakes, and shallow seas into agricultural lands
Transhumance
moving from mountain pastures in summer to lowland pastures in winter
Russification
implantation of Russian culture in non-Russian regions
Command Economy
economic plans developed by central government that specify quotas
for protection
Collectivized Agriculture
increase efficiency and production in collective farming and
collective factory farming
Underground Economy
illegal transactions outside formal economy; black market
Barter System
exchanging goods and services without using currency
Kleptocracy
economic and political system based on crime (mafia)
Desalination Plants
complexes take in salt water and convert it to potable water
Drought Avoidance
avoid drought by completing life cycle whenever rain has fallen
Drought Endurance
endure via extensive root system, small leaves, and other adaptations
Ecological Trilogy
relationships among villagers, pastoralists, and urbanites
beneficial; however urbanites dominate relationship and both pastoral
nomads and urbanites prey on villagers (trilogy's cornerstone)
Fundamentalists
Desire to return to original texts and literal/hard line interpretation