Chapter 6 Vocabulary Flashcards

Hyaline Cartilage

Looks like frosted glass when exposed; provide support with
flexibility and resilience; most abundant skeletal cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Contain more stretchy elastic fibers; better able to stand up to
repeated bending

Fibrocartilages

Highly compressible with great tensile strength.

Appositional growth

Cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new
matrix against the external face of existing cartilage tissue.
Increases thickness and remodeling of all bones

Interstitial Growth

Lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding
the cartilage from within; growth in length of long bone

Axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles

Function of Bones

Supports, Protection, Movement, mineral and growth factor storage,
blood cell formation, Triglyceride storage; hormone production

Diaphysis

Shaft of the bone; Compact bone with yellow marrow; ONLY IN LONG BONES

Epiphyses

Ends of the bone; contains red marrow and spongy bone; ONLY IN LONG BONES

Compact Bone

Hard, dense bone tissue found immediately deep to the periosteum;
contains many cylinder shaped structures called Osteon

Spongy Bone

Consists of trabeculae; no osteons; contain irregularly arranged
lamellae, osteocytes, and caniculi

Osteon

Elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone

Central (Haversian) Canal

Runs through the core of the osteon and contain blood vessels &
nerve fibers that serve the osteon's cells

Lamellae

Concentric rings of bone matrix

Lacunae

Cavities that contain mature osteocytes that monitor and maintain the
bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that occupy spaces that conform to their shape

Canaliculi

Canals that connect lacunae and osteocytes

Periosteum

White double layer that covers the entire external bone surface
except for joint surfaces

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption

Hydroxyapatites

The notable hardness of bone is attributed to

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cell

Long bones

Longer than they are wide

Short bones

Cube-shaped bones

Flat bones

Thin, flat, slightly curved

Irregular bones

Complicated shapes

Yellow Marrow

Less to no blood production; more fat storage

Endochondral ossification

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; most bones in body are
formed by

Osteoid

Unminieralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans; glycoproteins;
and collagen

Character Development

Show the character�s appearance and reveals aspects of the
character�s personal history, attitudes, motivations, and fears.

Character Development through Description

An author can tell how characters look and dress, and what their ages are.

Character Development through Narration

The speaker telling the story could be a character or an unknown observer.

Character Development through Action

The actions of the character throughout the story propel the plot.
Sometimes a character�s actions can speak louder than words.

Character Development through Dialogue

Conversation between two or more people. Can add reveal personality details.

Character Development through Dialect

A distinctive speech pattern used to portray a character�s cultural
and regional heritage.

Character Development through Motivation

The whys of those characters. Why are they afraid of
thunder? Why do they laugh when they hear a certain song?

Plot

The sequence of events in a story.

Introduction

Brings the reader into the story.

Conflict

The main struggles of the characters.

Rising Action

The writer will continue to build up the conflict by introducing complications.

Climax

The turning point of the story.

Falling Action

Loose ends are tied up, various complications may be resolved, and
the conflict begins to be settled.

Resolution

The main conflict is ended in some way.

Subplot

A series of related actions revolving around secondary characters in
the story.

Parallel Plot

Each character has a separate story line.

Flashback

A scene or event that happened before the beginning of the story.

Foreshadowing

The giving of clues about how the plot is going to develop.

Setting

The background for the action of the story; includes the time when
the story occurs and the place where the story happens

Point of View

The perspective from which the story is told.

First Person

The narrator tells the story from his or her point of view.

Second Person

The speaker is talking directly to the reader and so uses the pronoun you.

Third Person Omniscient

The speaker tells a story describing characters as he,
she, or they; the narrator knows the viewpoints of
all characters.

Third Person Limited

The narrator tells a story describing characters as he,
she, or they, but the story is told through the
viewpoint of one character, usually the main character.

Mood

The feeling created within a reader.

Theme

The underlying message of a written work that usually reflects a
certain outlook on life.

Literary Devices

A technique a writer uses to produce a special effect in their writing

Allegory

An extended metaphor that continues over an entire work.

Allusion

A reference to a well-known place, literary or art work, famous
person, or historical event.

Analogy

An extended explanation or description of something unfamiliar or
difficult to explain by comparison with something familiar.

Euphemism

A mild descriptive word used instead of a possibly offensive or crude term.

Hyperbole

The use of overstatement or exaggeration.

Imagery

The use of any words that evoke sensations of sight, hearing, touch,
smell, or taste.

Irony

A contrast between what is said or done and what is really intended
or done.

Verbal Irony

The contrast or difference between what is said and what is meant.

Situational Irony

The contrast between what is believed is going to happen and what
really does happen.

Dramatic Irony

When the audience knows something that one or more characters in the
story do not.

Metaphor

A comparison of two unlike things that does not use like or as.

Oxymoron

Combines terms or ideas that usually contradict each other but still
may be technically true.

Paradox

Contradictory ideas existing together to point to a deeper truth.

Personification

Figurative language that refers to animals, ideas, or things as if
they were human.

Sarcasm

Another type of irony that typically takes the form of a statement
that is delivered as praise but intended to insult.

Simile

A comparison of two unlike things that uses like or as.

Symbol

An object, person, place, or action that has meaning in itself and
that also represents a meaning beyond itself, such as a quality, an
attitude, a belief or a value.

Author�s Purpose

The reason an author has written a piece of prose or poetry.

Style

The way a speaker uses language, including grammar, syntax, and word choice.

Chronological Order

Organizes information according to a process or sequence of events.

Cause and Effect

Used when an author wants to explain why something happened.

Comparison/Contrast

Explaining similarities and differences of certain ideas or subjects.

Problem/Solution

An engaging way to organize a piece of writing especially if it�s
meant to be persuasive.

Order of Importance

Offers information in a ranking order from most important to least
(or vice versa).