Hyaline Cartilage
Looks like frosted glass when exposed; provide support with
flexibility and resilience; most abundant skeletal cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Contain more stretchy elastic fibers; better able to stand up to
repeated bending
Fibrocartilages
Highly compressible with great tensile strength.
Appositional growth
Cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new
matrix against the external face of existing cartilage tissue.
Increases thickness and remodeling of all bones
Interstitial Growth
Lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding
the cartilage from within; growth in length of long bone
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles
Function of Bones
Supports, Protection, Movement, mineral and growth factor storage,
blood cell formation, Triglyceride storage; hormone production
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone; Compact bone with yellow marrow; ONLY IN LONG BONES
Epiphyses
Ends of the bone; contains red marrow and spongy bone; ONLY IN LONG BONES
Compact Bone
Hard, dense bone tissue found immediately deep to the periosteum;
contains many cylinder shaped structures called Osteon
Spongy Bone
Consists of trabeculae; no osteons; contain irregularly arranged
lamellae, osteocytes, and caniculi
Osteon
Elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone
Central (Haversian) Canal
Runs through the core of the osteon and contain blood vessels &
nerve fibers that serve the osteon's cells
Lamellae
Concentric rings of bone matrix
Lacunae
Cavities that contain mature osteocytes that monitor and maintain the
bone matrix.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that occupy spaces that conform to their shape
Canaliculi
Canals that connect lacunae and osteocytes
Periosteum
White double layer that covers the entire external bone surface
except for joint surfaces
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts
giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption
Hydroxyapatites
The notable hardness of bone is attributed to
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cell
Long bones
Longer than they are wide
Short bones
Cube-shaped bones
Flat bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Irregular bones
Complicated shapes
Yellow Marrow
Less to no blood production; more fat storage
Endochondral ossification
Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; most bones in body are
formed by
Osteoid
Unminieralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans; glycoproteins;
and collagen
Character Development
Show the character�s appearance and reveals aspects of the
character�s personal history, attitudes, motivations, and fears.
Character Development through Description
An author can tell how characters look and dress, and what their ages are.
Character Development through Narration
The speaker telling the story could be a character or an unknown observer.
Character Development through Action
The actions of the character throughout the story propel the plot.
Sometimes a character�s actions can speak louder than words.
Character Development through Dialogue
Conversation between two or more people. Can add reveal personality details.
Character Development through Dialect
A distinctive speech pattern used to portray a character�s cultural
and regional heritage.
Character Development through Motivation
The whys of those characters. Why are they afraid of
thunder? Why do they laugh when they hear a certain song?
Plot
The sequence of events in a story.
Introduction
Brings the reader into the story.
Conflict
The main struggles of the characters.
Rising Action
The writer will continue to build up the conflict by introducing complications.
Climax
The turning point of the story.
Falling Action
Loose ends are tied up, various complications may be resolved, and
the conflict begins to be settled.
Resolution
The main conflict is ended in some way.
Subplot
A series of related actions revolving around secondary characters in
the story.
Parallel Plot
Each character has a separate story line.
Flashback
A scene or event that happened before the beginning of the story.
Foreshadowing
The giving of clues about how the plot is going to develop.
Setting
The background for the action of the story; includes the time when
the story occurs and the place where the story happens
Point of View
The perspective from which the story is told.
First Person
The narrator tells the story from his or her point of view.
Second Person
The speaker is talking directly to the reader and so uses the pronoun you.
Third Person Omniscient
The speaker tells a story describing characters as he,
she, or they; the narrator knows the viewpoints of
all characters.
Third Person Limited
The narrator tells a story describing characters as he,
she, or they, but the story is told through the
viewpoint of one character, usually the main character.
Mood
The feeling created within a reader.
Theme
The underlying message of a written work that usually reflects a
certain outlook on life.
Literary Devices
A technique a writer uses to produce a special effect in their writing
Allegory
An extended metaphor that continues over an entire work.
Allusion
A reference to a well-known place, literary or art work, famous
person, or historical event.
Analogy
An extended explanation or description of something unfamiliar or
difficult to explain by comparison with something familiar.
Euphemism
A mild descriptive word used instead of a possibly offensive or crude term.
Hyperbole
The use of overstatement or exaggeration.
Imagery
The use of any words that evoke sensations of sight, hearing, touch,
smell, or taste.
Irony
A contrast between what is said or done and what is really intended
or done.
Verbal Irony
The contrast or difference between what is said and what is meant.
Situational Irony
The contrast between what is believed is going to happen and what
really does happen.
Dramatic Irony
When the audience knows something that one or more characters in the
story do not.
Metaphor
A comparison of two unlike things that does not use like or as.
Oxymoron
Combines terms or ideas that usually contradict each other but still
may be technically true.
Paradox
Contradictory ideas existing together to point to a deeper truth.
Personification
Figurative language that refers to animals, ideas, or things as if
they were human.
Sarcasm
Another type of irony that typically takes the form of a statement
that is delivered as praise but intended to insult.
Simile
A comparison of two unlike things that uses like or as.
Symbol
An object, person, place, or action that has meaning in itself and
that also represents a meaning beyond itself, such as a quality, an
attitude, a belief or a value.
Author�s Purpose
The reason an author has written a piece of prose or poetry.
Style
The way a speaker uses language, including grammar, syntax, and word choice.
Chronological Order
Organizes information according to a process or sequence of events.
Cause and Effect
Used when an author wants to explain why something happened.
Comparison/Contrast
Explaining similarities and differences of certain ideas or subjects.
Problem/Solution
An engaging way to organize a piece of writing especially if it�s
meant to be persuasive.
Order of Importance
Offers information in a ranking order from most important to least
(or vice versa).